Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

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Chapter 1Introduction to Chemistry
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What is Chemistry?
Matter anything that has mass and occupies
space.
Chemistry study of the composition of matter
and the changes that matter undergoes.
Because living and nonliving things are made of
matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life
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Areas of Chemistry
Organic study of all chemicals containing carbon
Inorganic study of chemicals that, in general,
do not contain carbon. (found mainly in nonliving
things)
Biochemistry study of processes that take place
in organisms. (digestion, muscle contraction)
Analytical focuses on the composition of
matter. (measuring lead in drinking water)
Physical area of study that deals with the
mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that
occurs when matter undergoes a change.
See page 8 for examples
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Pure Applied Chemistry

• Pure Chemistry pursuit of chemical knowledge
  for its own sake
• Chemists does not expect there to be any
  immediate practical use for the knowledge

Applied research that is directed toward a
practical goal or application
In practice, pure chemistry applied chemistry
are linked.
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Pure Applied Chemistry

• Pure Chemistry pursuit of chemical knowledge
  for its own sake
• Chemists does not expect there to be any
  immediate practical use for the knowledge

Applied research that is directed toward a
practical goal or application
In practice, pure chemistry applied chemistry
are linked.
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Why Study Chemistry?
Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural
world, preparing people for career opportunities,
and producing informed citizens.

• Can help you understand how things work
• Why does water expands when it freezes?
• Why sugar dissolves faster in hot water?

• Can help you prepare for a career
• Firefighters need to know which chemicals to use
  to fight different types of fires
• Reporters may be asked to interview a Chemist to
  gather background information on a story.

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Why Study Chemistry?

• Be an informed citizen
• Industry, private foundations, and federal
  government all provide funds for scientific
  research
• Wouldnt you want to understand and have a say
  regarding where your money is going?
• Should we spend more money on space research or
  cancer research?
• Knowledge of chemistry can help you evaluate the
  data given so you can be an informed voter.

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Chemistry and Materials

• Key role in the production of new materials to
  fit specific needs
• Velcro used as a fastener
• Plant fibers used to create soft cloth

• Essential in finding new ways to conserve energy,
  produce energy, and store energy.
• New insulation, SEAgel, made from seaweed used to
  conserve energy
• Production of biodiesel from soybeans to use as
  fuel
• Rechargeable batteries

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Medicine and Biotechnology

• Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and
  technology that doctors use to treat their
  patients.
• Chemists knowledge of the structure and function
  of chemicals in your cells helps them design safe
  and effective drugs.
• Chemistry can supply materials to repair or
  replace body parts such as skin, arteries,
  joints.
• Chemists are working on many projects to alter
  DNA to cure diseases like diabetes cancer.

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Chemistry and Agriculture

• Chemistry help to develop more productive crops
  and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.
• Testing of soil to see if it contains the right
  chemicals recommend way to improve it.
• Develop plants that are more likely to survive a
  drought or insect attack.
• Inserting a gene of a jellyfish into a potato
  plant. Glows when it needs watered.
• Design chemicals to treat specific insect pests
  only and not the useful insects.

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Chemistry and the Environment

• Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent
  pollution, an unintended consequence of new
  technologies.
• Lead paint studies showed that the level of lead
  that is harmful to humans is much lower than had
  be thought, especially for children.
• Testing of childrens blood for lead

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Chemistry and the Universe

• To study the universe, chemists gather data from
  afar and analyze matter that is brought back to
  Earth.
• Study the composition of stars by analyzing the
  light they transmit to Earth.
• Discovery of a gas on the suns surface that was
  not known on Earth. It was named helium.
• Analyzed more than 850 pounds of moon rocks
  brought back to Earth, suggesting that vast
  oceans of molten lava once covered the moons
  surface.
• Space vehicles analyze the chemical composition
  of rocks soil on Mars, indicating it was once
  drenched with water.

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• The word Chemistry comes from Alchemy.
• Alchemy was practiced in China India as early
  as 400 B.C.
• Had a practical side and a mystical side.
• Practical alchemy focused on developing
  techniques for working with metals, glass, and
  dyes.
• Mystical alchemy focused on concepts like
  perfection.
• Developed processes for separating mixtures and
  purifying chemicals.
• Designed equipment that is still used today

Alchemists developed the tools techniques for
working with chemicals.
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Chemistry and the Universe

• To study the universe, chemists gather data from
  afar and analyze matter that is brought back to
  Earth.
• Study the composition of stars by analyzing the
  light they transmit to Earth.
• Discovery of a gas on the suns surface that was
  not known on Earth. It was named helium.
• Analyzed more than 850 pounds of moon rocks
  brought back to Earth, suggesting that vast
  oceans of molten lava once covered the moons
  surface.
• Space vehicles analyze the chemical composition
  of rocks soil on Mars, indicating it was once
  drenched with water.

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The Scientific Method

• Logical, systematic approach to the solution of
  a scientific problem.
• Making Observations using your senses to obtain
  information. An observation can lead to a
  question.
• Making a Hypothesis a proposed explanation for
  an observation. A hypothesis is only useful if it
  accounts for what is actually observed.
• Experiment a procedure that is used to test a
  hypothesis.
• Independent variable a variable that you change
  during an experiment

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The Scientific Method

• Dependent variable a variable that is observed
  during the experiment.
• For the results of an experiment to be accepted,
  the experiment must produce the same result no
  matter how many times it is repeated or by whom.
• Developing a Theory a well-tested explanation
  for a broad set of observations.
• Scientific Law concise statement that
  summarized the results of many observations and
  experiments.
• Ex. Gas Laws

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The Scientific Method
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiments
Theory
A theory is tested by more experiments modified
if necessary
A hypothesis may be revised based on experimental
data
Scientific Law
Summarizes the results of many observations and
experiments
Steps do not have to occur in the order shown
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Collaboration

• When scientists collaborate and communicate,
  they increase the likelihood of a successful
  outcome.
• Some research problems are so complex that no one
  person could have all the knowledge to solve.
• Industry may give a university funding for
  research and scientist at the university share
  the funding.
• Collaboration isnt always a smooth process.
  Resource, work load, credit, etc can cause
  conflict.

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Communication

• They way scientists communicate with each other
  and with the public has changed.
• Scientist exchange ideas with other scientist by
  e-mail, phone, and the international conferences.
  
• Publish their results in scientific journals.
• Internet is a major source of information.
• Advantage anyone can get access
• Disadvantage anyone can post information

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Problem Solving in Chemistry
Effective problem solving always involves
developing a plan and then implementing that
plan.
Because measurement is so important in chemistry,
most word problems in chemistry require some math.
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Solving Numeric Problems

1. Analyze identify what is known and what is
   unknown.

1. Calculate make the calculations. You may need
   to convert a measurement or rearrange an equation
   before you can solve.

1. Evaluate after you calculate, evaluate your
   answer. Is the answer reasonable? Does it make
   sense?

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Solving Numeric Problems
Analyze
Calculate
Evaluate
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Solving Conceptual Problems
Conceptual word problems are nonnumeric problems.

1. Analyze identify what is known and what is
   unknown.

1. Evaluate after you calculate, evaluate your
   answer. Is the answer reasonable? Does it make
   sense?

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Solving Conceptual Problems
Analyze
Evaluate
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