Verba iubendi and causative structures

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Verba iubendi and causative structures

• Francesco Costantini
• Università Ca Foscari Venezia
• Email fc_at_unive.it

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Introduction

• Can verba iubendi be used as causative verbs?
• Causative verbs functional verb introducing an
  additional argument (causer)
• Iubeo
• Iubeo, at least in some of cases, behaves as a
  causative verb

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Presentation outline

• Generalities about iubeo (semantics and syntax)
• AcI and AI/Control
• Iubeo, AcI and AI/Control
• Iubeo as a causative verb
• Monoclausality (word order, weak pronoun
  position)
• Other evidence
• Conclusions

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Iubeo - meaning

• Order, demand, bid
• Decree, enact

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Iubeo - meaning

• iubeo1 lt cogo, impero
• (1) Iubam? Cogo atque impero.
• (Ter. Eun. 389)

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Iubeo - meaning

• iubeo1 and volo
• (2) a. iubeo inquit Chremetem id est volo,
  ut Virgilius (Aen. 386) 'reddi que viro promissa
  iubebant'. (Eugraphius, Commentum Terentii,
  Andria, 533).
• b. IVBENT volunt, ut ltII 3gt infandum regina
  iubes renovare dolorem. (Servius, Commentarius
  in Vergilii Aeneidos libros, III, 261)

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Iubeo - syntax

• Wenn sie iubere, vetare, sinere einen
  Infinitivus Activi bei sich haben, so ist der
  Akkusativ, wie bei cogo, prohibeo te fugere,
  einfacher Objektivakkusativus. Wenn sie aber
  einen Infinitivus Passivi bei sich haben, so
  liegt der eigentlich Acc. c. Inf. vor.
• Kühner-Stegmann (1966 715-716)

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Iubeo - syntax

• Bolkestein (1976), Schoof (2001)
• (3) a. AcI
• S
• V S
• dico NP V
• te abire

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Iubeo - syntax

• (3) b. AI
• S
• V NP V
• cogo te abire

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Iubeo - syntax

• How many lexical entries for iubeo1?
• One?
• Then why are both AcI and AI available?
• Two?
• Then why is the meaning substantially uniform?

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AcI and AI

• Optionality of an addressee
• Infinitive tense variability
• Infinitive voice variability
• Semantic restrictions
• Impersonal passivization
• Omittability of the infinitive

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AcI and AI

• Optionality of an addressee
• (4) a. Ei dicunt me venire.
• b. Ei/Eum hortantur me venire.

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AcI and AI

• Infinitive tense variability
• (5) a. Dicunt me venisse/venturum esse.
• b. Hortantur me venisse/venturum esse.

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AcI and AI

• Infinitive voice variability
• (6) a. Dicunt me mitti.
• b. Hortantur me mitti.

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AcI and AI

• Control and event structure (Farkas 1988)
• (7) a. John ordered Mary to leave.
• a'. Gianni ha ordinato a Maria di partire.
• b. John ordered Mary to be allowed to leave.
• b'. Gianni ha ordinato a Maria di essere
  autorizzata a partire.
• (8) a. John ordered Mary to write a letter.
• b. Gianni ha ordinato a Maria di scrivere una
  lettera.
• (9) a. John ordered Mary to receive a letter.
• b. Gianni ha ordinato a Maria di ricevere una
  lettera.
• c. John ordered Mary to wonder at such
  bravery.
• d. Gianni ha ordinato a Maria di meravigliarsi
  per un gesto di tale coraggio.

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AcI and AI

• Semantic restrictions
• (10) a. Dicunt portam patere.
• b. Hortantur portam patere.

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AcI and AI

• Impersonal passivization
• (11) a. Me venire dicitur.
• b. Me venire hortatur.
• Personal passivization
• (12) Nostri admonentur stationes disponere.
• (Caes. Gal. 8, 12)

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AcI and AI

• AcI AI/control
• 1. Addressee ok
• 2. Tense variability ok
• 3. Voice variability ok
• 4. Restrictions no yes
• 5. Impersonal pass. ok

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Back to iubeo

• Optionality of an addressee
• (13) Iubeo ei/eum te venire

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Back to iubeo

• Infinitive tense variability
• (14) Iubeo te venisse/venturum esse

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Back to iubeo

• Infinitive voice variability
• (15) a. Vocari iussi te (Plaut. Cas. 280)
• b. Balineum calfieri iubebo.
• (Cic., Att., 2, 3).
• c. eam legem ab eo praetore populi Romani
  ferri iubet.
• (Cic., Agr., 2, 26)
• d. eisque colonis agros dari iubet. (Cic.,
  Agr., 2, 75)

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Back to iubeo

• Semantic restrictions (esse)
• (16) a. Sirempse legem iussit esse Iuppiter.
  (Plaut. Amph. 73)
• b. secretum que iubes grandius esse tibi
  (Mar. Ep. 11, 45, 1)
• c. tu desiderium dominae mihi mitius urbis
  esse iubes (Mar. Ep. 12, 21, 9)

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Back to iubeo

• Semantic restrictions (agentive verb)
• (17) autumnum sterilis ferre iubetur hiems
  (Mart. Ep. 8, 68, 9)

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Back to iubeo

• Semantic restrictions (nonagentive verbs)
• (18) a. Ipsa quam sexus iubet maerere
  (Sen. Her. 1686)
• b. nunc nata iubet maerere neposque? (Luc.
  Phar. 9, 1048)
• (19) Vapulare ego te vehementer iubeo. (Plaut.
  Curc. 568)

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Back to iubeo

• Impersonal passive
• (20) a. Etiam postridie Idus rebus divinis
  supersederi iussum. (Liv. 6, 1, 12)
• b. Plures quam iussum erat profecti. (Tac.
  Hist. 4, 35)
• c. eorum magna pars, uti iussum erat, adducti
  (Sal. Jug. 62, 7)

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Back to iubeo

• AcI AI iubeo
• 1. Addressee ok
• 2. Tense variability ok
• 3. Voice variability ok ok
• 4. Restrictions no yes no
• 5. Impersonal pass. ok ok

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Back to iubeo

• AcI AI iubeo
• 1. Addressee ok
• 2. Tense variability ok
• 3. Voice variability ok ok
• 4. Restrictions no yes no
• 5. Impersonal pass. ok ok

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Back to iubeo

• Is iubeo an AcI-selecting verb?
• Is iubeo a control verb?
• Is iubeo both?
• Is iubeo none of these?
• Hyp. iubeo as a causative verb

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Iubeo as a causative

• Properties of causative verbs
• introduce an additional argument (change of
  valency)
• functional not lexical
• verbal complex
• monoclausal structure

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Iubeo as a causative

• Monoclausality tests (Zennaro 2006, 2007)
• word order
• weak pronouns

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Iubeo as a causative

• Word order test
• SOXV gt SOVX (Salvi 2004)
• XV must form a unit (una unità relativamente
  stretta, Salvi 2004 47)
• participle/gerundauxiliary
• infinitiveverb
• idioms

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Iubeo as a causative

• Unmarked word order Infgtiubeo
• (21) a. Fabius sensim suos signa inferre
  iussit. (Liv. 10, 29, 8)
• b. Lex in annos singulos Iovis
  sacerdotem sortito capi iubeat.
• (Cic., Verr. 2, 126, 27)
• c. Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri
  atque aperiri iubet.
• (Cic. Cat. 3, 12, 22)

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Iubeo as a causative

• VI order
• (22) a. Pontem qui erat ad Genavam iubet
  rescindi. (Caes., Gall., 1, 7)
• b. ad eum locum scalas iussit ferre.
  (Liv., 24, 46, 2).
• c. id decemviros iubet vendere.
• (Cic., Agr., 2, 38)
• d. militibus navibus navarchis Syracusanus
  Cleomenes iussus est imperare.
• (Cic., Verr., 5, 84)

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Iubeo as a causative

• Weak pronouns test
• strong, weak, clitic pronouns (Cardinaletti-Starke
  1999)
• strong and weak use of pronouns in Latin (Salvi
  2004)
• weak use Wackernagel position (WP)

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Iubeo as a causative

• Pronominal arguments of an infinitive verb can
  occur in WP when the finite verb is a
  functional/restructuring verb (Zennaro 2006,
  2007)
• Ex. Poteritne te ipsa Alba absolvere? (Cic.
  Verr. 2, 3, 148)
• Poteritne WP ipsa Alba te absolvere
• Poteritne te ipsa Alba absolvere

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Iubeo as a causative

• Weak pronouns in WP with iubeo
• (23) a. alterum illi iubet praetorium tendi.
  (Caes., Civ., 3, 82)
• b. Nunc istanc tantisper iube petere atque
  orare mecum. (Plaut., Asin., 686)
• c. Ego tibi argentum iubebo iam intus
  ecferri foras. (Plaut. Bac. 93)
• d. nam mihi Pomponia nuntiari iussit te
  mense Quintili Romae fore.
• (Cic. Att. 2, 1, 11)

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Iubeo as a causative

• Weak vs. strong causativity (Fruyt-Orlandini
  2007)
• Greeting and welcome formulas
• (24) a. Salvere iubeo spectatores optumos
  (Plaut. Cas. 1)
• b. quam ob rem valde iubeo gaudere te (Cic.
  Fam. 7, 2, 3)
• c. illum salutavi, post etiam iussi valere
  (Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2)

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Iubeo as a causative

• Imperative forms
• (25) a. Comprendi iube, quantum potest.
• (Ter. Eun. 836)
• b. IVBE COMPREHENDI pro comprehende
• (Donatus, Commentum Terentii)

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Iubeo as a causative

• Cinque (1998) Voice gt Cause
• (26) a. Il libro è stato fatto leggere a Maria.
• b. Farò essere invitati tutti.
• (22) a. Pontem qui erat ad Genavam iubet
  rescindi. (Caes., Gall., 1, 7)

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Iubeo as a causative

• English causatives (from Kayne 1975)
• (27) a. She will have that water be drunk by
  her dog.
• b. He will let his son be arrested by the
  police.

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Conclusions

• Iubeo might be a causative verb
• One single lexical entries
• Bare infinitival complement
• no AcI, no AI
• Did the competition with other causative
  structures (facereinf) cause its disappearance?

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• Thank you

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References

• Bolkestein, A. M., 1976. A.c.i.- and ut Clauses
  with verba dicendi in Latin, Glotta, 54 263-291.
• Cardinaletti, A., M. Starke, 1999. The Typology
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  Grammatical Classes, in H. van Riemsdijk (ed.),
  Clitics in the Languages of Europe, Berlin
  145-233.
• Cinque, Guglielmo. 1998. The interaction of
  passive, causative, and restructuring in
  Romance. University of Venice Working Papers in
  Linguistics 8/229-51.
• Farkas, D. 1988. On Obligatory Control,
  Linguistics and Philosophy 11 27-58.
• Fruyt, M., and A. Orlandini, 2008. Some cases of
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