SRT251: CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES

1
SRT251 CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES

• PROJECT 1 WAREHOUSE AND OFFICE COMPLEX

Fiona Allpress 300138121 Jamie Ifrah
300173659 Steven Kymantas 300175956 Adam Wood
300182771 Stephen Young 300150037
2
Contents (home)

• WAREHOUSE
• Span Table PG 4
• Concrete for Slab PG 5,6,7
• Footing System for Slab PG 8
• Grid System for Warehouse PG 9
• Portal Frames PG10, 11, 12, 13
• Portal, Bracing and bolt specification PG 14
• Examples of Portal Frames PG 15, 16
• Envelop System Tilt-up PG 17, 18
• Roof Structure PG 19
• Roof Cladding PG 20
• Guttering System PG 21
• Roller Doors and Exits PG 22
• Figure 1 PG 23
• Layout of Warehouse PG 24
• Sketches PG 25, 26
• Site Layout PG 27
• Warehouse Section PG 28

• SHOWROOM
• Concrete Slab for Showroom PG 30
• Grid System Layout for Showroom PG 31
• Portal Frame for Showroom PG 32
• Portal, Bracing and bolt specification PG 33
• Examples of Showrooms PG 34, 35
• Envelop System Tilt-up PG 36
• Roof Cladding Guttering System PG 37
• Showroom Finish PG 38
• Showroom Section PG 39

REFERENCES
3
WAREHOUSE
4
Span Table
5
Concrete for Slab

• Reinforced concrete
• Reinforced concrete combines concrete and some
  form of reinforcement into a composite whole.
• Concrete has high compressive strength but low
  tensile strength. Steel has very high tensile
  strength. By
• combining steel and concrete into composite
  material we are taking advantage of steels high
  tensile
• strength and concretes compressive strength.
• Retaining walls
• Retaining walls likened to vertical beam fixed at
  one end. Soil or other material being retained
  causes
• wall to act as cantilever. The footing of the
  wall tends to bend or distort as load is applied.
• Reinforcement should be distributed to resist
  these stresses.
• Joints in concrete construction
• Joints can be of two general types
• Those which allow no relative movement of
  concrete on either side of them.
• Those which allow relative movement.
• It is recommended that joints allow relative
  movement. They are named according to type of
  movement they allow
• Contraction joints allow concrete to shrink
  away from plane of the joint while restraining
  relative movement in

6
Concrete for Slab

• Location of joints Contraction joints should be
  located where severest concentrations of tensile
  stresses resulting
• from shrinkage of the concrete are expected to
  occur. For example, in large areas of pavement or
  slab on ground.
• Spacing of contraction joints generally dictated
  by designer or supervising engineer, however, 5
  to 6m can be used as
• a guide.
• Large areas of concrete should be divided into
  approximately square bays by means of contraction
  joints. Joints
• must be spaced sufficiently close together to
  prevent shrinkage cracks from occurring between
  successive joints.
• Expansion joints create a gap between two
  surfaces so as to allow expansion of concrete
  into the gap. The gap is
• usually filled with compressible filler, e.g.
  rubber, plastic, cork or mastic. All relative
  movement in the plane of joint
• is prevented. Expansion joints most expensive
  type of joint to make. An increase in concretes
  temperature will
• generally increase the concretes length, e.g.
  temperature rise of 10C. in a 10 metre length of
  unrestrained concrete
• will result in an expansion of about 1mm.
• Under Australian climatic conditions normal
  maximum temperature differential through a year
  doesnt exceed about
• 40C. Therefore thermal movements at a joint
  wouldnt exceed 10mm. per 25 m. of concrete. Thus
  if decided to
• place expansion joints at 25m. intervals, they
  must be sufficiently wide enough to allow for
  10mm. movement. If
• joint made 15mm. wide at average temperature,
  should be filled with material capable of being
  compressed to
• 10mm. thickness and of expanding to 20mm.
  thickness.

7
Concrete for Slab

• Class of concrete
• Normal class of concrete is intended to cover the
• needs of the majority of domestic, commercial,
• industrial and institutional building projects.
• Normal class concrete has a strength grade chosen
  from
• N20, N25, N32, N40 or N50.
• Slump required at point of delivery chosen from
  40, 60,
• 80 or 100mm.
• Maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate chosen
  from 10, 14 or
• 20mm.

8
Footing System for Slab

• The footing system we have chosen to use is an
  isolated pad footing system, at the point loads
  of the
• columns. The pads are 1000mm by 1000mm by 750mm.
  Once this has been achieved we will then
• poor a 150mm thick slab with 300mm by 300mm edge
  beams running around the exterior of the
• building. This will be poured so the finished
  height of the slab is at the same level as the
  pad
• footings.

150
300
750
1000
300
40,000
9
Grid System for Warehouse
8000
40,000
8000
40,000
10
Portal Frames

• A Portal Frame is a continuous rigid frame with
  a restrained joint between the stanchion and
  beam (Jeremy Hams lecture notes lecture 1).
  They provide an efficient structural solution to
  long span construction.
• There are the three types of portal frame
  construction
• 3-pinned portal,
• 2-pinned and
• Rigid base portal
• 3-pin portal frames have three pin joints. Two at
  each of the supports and one at crown.
• 2-pin frame has 2 pin joints at the supports.
• In Two and Three pinned frames, the portal frame
  is supported at ground level with a pin joint,
  therefore rotational forces dont have to be
  resisted in the footing. Bending moments are
  transmitted vertically into the ground, reducing
  footing size but as a consequence have a heavier
  frame.

All joints in rigid base portal frames are
restrained. This system requires good foundations
and is used to span smaller distances compared
with pinned construction. This inturn leads to
greater volumes of concrete required in the
footing hence adding to the cost of the
foundation. Rigid frames have lower bending
moments than Two and Three pinned frames
resulting in rigid frames being lighter and
footings being heavier.
Source Jeremy Hams lecture notes
11
A Portal Frame
Purlins
Rafter/ beam
Knee joint
Girts
Stanchion/ column
Base
Pad footing
Source Jeremy Hams Lecture notes.
12
A Portal Frame
Source Jeremy Hams Lecture notes.
13
Portal Frames(continued)

• Portal Frames are most commonly used in
• warehouses,
• factory buildings,
• large span storage buildings, and
• heavy industrial process plant structures
• When a beam in a portal frame is loaded it
  deforms elastically. The top flange of the beam
  goes into compression, whilst the bottom flange
  goes into tension. Such deformation would result
  in columns spreading at base if there was no
  lateral restraint.
• Footings resist this spreading and in doing so
  carry bending moments as well as axial loads.
• Columns also act in bending as connections
  between footings and columns, and columns and
  beams are rigid.
• Roof members generally have low pitched rafters
  or horizontal beams that are connected to a
  stanchion with a rigid joint. Roof pitches
  between 5 and 10 degrees are preferred in portal
  frame construction. These pitches are suitable
  for any continuous length steel sheet profiles
  and this factor outweighs superior structural
  action of higher pitch roofs, which have
  additional sheeting costs.
• The most popular portal frame system is the
  column and truss system.
• On a cost basis, the simplicity of a portal
  frame results it in being the cheaper option for
  spans less than 45 metres. For our requirements,
  this seems to be the most viable option.

Source http//www.ul.ie/7Egaughran/Gildea/page8.
htm
14
Portal, Bracing and Bolt Specifications

• We have chosen to use a rigid base portal
• since it is ideal for smaller spans as well
• as it allowing us to use smaller sized
• members.
• The size of our portal frame columns are
  530UB92.4
• The size of our portal frame beams are 460UB82.1
• The size of our girts are 180x75x5.0 CC
• The bracing specification is 30mm Rod
• Bracing (See sketches for bracing layout).
• The size of bolts used as M-20
• specification.

Image Bunnings Warehouse Waurn Ponds. Shows
bracing above an opening
15
Examples of Portal Frames
Image Bunnings Warehouse Waurn Ponds. Shows
Flange for beam section.
Image Bunnings Warehouse Waurn Ponds. Shows
layout of warehouse.
16
Examples of Portal Frames
Purlins
Services through flange
Rafter
Column
Girt
Corrugated Sheet
Image Colerain Warehouse Separation St.
Image KD Stewart centre Waurn Ponds.
17
Envelop System Tilt-up Concrete

• Tilt up concrete construction is an economic
  attractive alternative to the traditional
  construction methods such as corrugated iron. It
  has a versatile design and is extremely quick to
  construct.
• By using a Tilt-up systems it helps ensure
  durability, with maintenance only required every
  6 years with a new coat of paint.
• Panel connections can be installed during initial
  construction to make panel detachment
  relocation easy.
• Tilt-up concrete is virtually impenetrable due
  to the thickness and strength of panels, which
  proves a positive with the use of folk lifts
  in our warehouse.
• It is a first choice for fire resistance as a
  6.5 wall will have a fire rating of 4 hours
  this inturn results in cheaper insurance for the
  client.
• Slabs are casted on-site and after curing, are
  lifted or tilted with crane set on the
  concrete foundations. The roof structure, once
  constructed, is anchored to walls.
• After removal of panel braces, grout is applied
  at base of panels and all vertical joints are
  caulked.
• When determining the size crane to use its best
  to let the crane company decide this, based on
  the size and weight of the panels.
• http//www.tilt-up.org/construc/faq-general.htm

18
Envelop System Tilt-up Concrete

• Expansion can be designed for by detaching and
  relocating the panels or cutting new openings
• Tilt up concrete also has excellent sound control
  through the sound reduction properties of
  concrete. This is done by the mass absorbing
  the sound rather than letting it through.
• Tilt up is mainly done on the ground, so there is
  no vertical framework or scaffolding required.
  There are also less labour crews since no
  vertical forming, or other costly erection
  processes are required, thus allowing for a
  shorter project cycle which presents less
  prosperous for accidents to occur.

Sourcehttp//www.constructionengineers.com/images
/BigSouixStop
19
Roof Structure

• The roofing system we have opted for is using C
  section purlins.
• There will be 25 purlins overall, 12 on either
  side of the pitch and 1 at the joint between both
  sides. On both sides of the pitch, the first and
  last purlins will sit in 1 metre from each end,
  with 10 in between at 1.8 metre centre spacings.
  These C section purlins will be 200mm x 75mm x
  6mm, and weigh 15.5 kg/m. Although capable of
  spanning 12 metres we have these purlins spanning
  at 8 metres.

Source http//www.fielders.com.au/product.asp?pID
4
Dura Gal channels are high strength cold formed
structural sections that are in-line Hot-dip
galvanised over a prepared surface, to produce a
fully bonded coating with a minimum average
coating mass of 100 g/m2. The zinc surface then
has a surface conversion coating applied. All
channels are coated with a clear polymer over the
conversion coat. (note that roof at 10 pitch)
20
Roof Cladding

• The roof cladding we have used for this warehouse
  is Colourbond WideKlip produced by Fielders.
  The width of the cladding is 760 mm and requires
  no screws therefore no screw holes. This type of
  cladding uses a clip system which allows for them
  to give a watertight guarantee. We chose the
  lighter of the two choices which was 0.42 BMT in
  thickness, making the mass 4.55 kg/m2. Below is
  a picture of the WideKlip. For the natural
  lighting we have used UV-Stabilised Commercial
  Grade Reinforced Translucent Roofing, which is an
  economical product for natural lighting in a
  large enclosed area. It is also extremely
  flexible allowing it to meet unique variations of
  design criteria. Common applications for such a
  product are things such as commercial and
  industrial developments, institutional and other
  projects where long-term high quality lighting is
  required. We have chosen a thickness of 2.5 mm
  which makes its mass 3.66 kg/m2.

WideKlip FIELDERS
Topglass ALSYNITE NZ LIMITED
21
Guttering System

• We have chosen to use internal box guttering.
  The gutters are 150mm X 100mm stainless steel
  square downpipes at 1800 lengths.

Image Bunnings Warehouse Waurn Ponds. Shows a
boxed gutter
Source www.fielders.com
22
Roller Doors Exit Doors
The type of roller door system we have chosen to
use is the industrial slat type shutter. The
steel shutter is designed to economically fulfill
requirements of the client (us) and can be made
to custom size. Sizes for openings range from
900mm x 900mm to 6000mm x 6000mm. For our
entrance doors we have opted to use a 6000mm X
6000mm roller door system. For the side access we
have chosen a 3000mm X 3000mm roller door setup.
We have chosen to have 5 exit doors in our
warehouse. By law, it is required that exits are
provided at no more than 20 metres from any
position in the warehouse. (see Figure 1)
23
Figure 1.
Girt
Vertical support above opening
Door One
Door Two
Door Three
Door Four
Door Five
Fire Hydrant
Exit Door
24
Layout of Warehouse
door
pellet
The proposed layout for shelving. We predict
that by using a three shelf system we can
store between 1100 and 1200 pellets.
25
Sketches
26
Sketches
Preposed bracing sections of warehouse
27
Site Layout
4. OFF-STREET CAR PARKING REQUIREMENTS Councils
standards for the number of off-street car
parking spaces required with developments
are outlined below Commercial Premises and
Offices 1 space per 35m2 of net floor area,
plus 1 space for Manager/Caretaker. Industrial
Development 1 space per 70m2 of net floor area,
with a minimum of 3 spaces per unit. 5.4 Entry
and Exit to Site The driveways and
on-site arrangements are to be such that vehicles
drive in a forward direction entering and leaving
the site.
7. OTHER REQUIREMENTS 7.3 Disabled Driver Car
Parking A minimum of 1 space per 100 car spaces
is to be made available for disabled driver car
parking. If less than 100 spaces are provided
then at least 1 space is to be made
available. This space is to be clearly marked
and identified, and provided as close
as practicable to shop entrances. The width of
the space is to be at least 3.0 metres. 7.4
Loading Bays These shall have dimensions to
suit the type of vehicle servicing
the development, with absolute minimum dimensions
of 6.0 x 3.0m.
28
Warehouse Section
29
SHOWROOM
30
Concrete Slab for Showroom

• We have chosen to use the same concrete slab
  system for the showroom. We did this because
  this system is high in strength and ensures there
  will be no ground movement or foundation
  movement.

31
Grid system and Layout for Showroom
32
Portal frame for showroom

• The sizes of the members for the showroom are as
  follows
• -Columns 310UC158
• -Beams (bearers) 310UB46.2
• -Beams (roof) 310UB46.2
• -Floor joists 240mm X 45mm.
• -WideKlip roofing 10 degrees roof pitch
• Tasmanian oak wooden strip flooring 19mm thick
  flooring Second storey floor- For the
• second storey floor we have decided to use strip,
  the wood we chose was Jarrah, which is a
• dark red brown hardwood. The reason we chose
  this wood was because it is appealing to the
• eye and it had to be a hardwood, so that it would
  resist any abrasion to its surface from things
• like chairs, etc.

33
Portal, Bracing and Bolt Specifications

• We are using the same bracing and bolt
  specification as the warehouse

34
Examples of Showrooms
Image Rex Gorrell Ford. Shows the front entrance
into the showroom. All glass front.
Image Rex Gorrell Ford. Showing alternate
entrance into building.
35
Examples of Showrooms
Image Rex Gorrell Ford. Glass sections Supported
by aluminium. Clean view inside
Image Reece Plumbing showroom. Showing large
spaning windows leaving plenty of room inside to
see.
36
Envelop System Tilt-up Concrete

• We are using the same envelop system for the
  showroom as the warehouse. We decided this in
  order to keep the same theme.
• There are only2 differences, we are using a
  whole glass front section and for the walls, we
  decided to use Custom Blue Orb-Lysaght.
• We have chosen to use frameless glass doors and
  assemblies, this will allow us to maximise our
  retail exposure on the ground floor, as this is
  where the showroom is. We are using toughened
  glass in panes of 2500mm X 3500mm for the
  showroom front. The toughened glass can be
  realised with minimal fixing and support
  structure. The strength of the glass allows
  larger clear spans with minimum fixings, the
  fixings we are using are aluminium patch channel
  fittings. These are bolted to the concrete slab
  and the external I-beams.
• The glass we are using is Pilkington Armourfloat
  12mm thick that is toughened safety glass and
  tinted in accordance with AS2208.
• Custom Blue Orb-Lysaght is a material which
  basically looks like corrugated sheeting. This
  cladding goes on top of the Clayco tilt-up. The
  Clayco Tilt-up only goes up to a level of 7
  metres, but in the section left over from the
  roof pitch we are using the Custom Blue
  Orb-Lysaght. The BMT (Bare Metal Thickness) is
  0.60 colour bond 4.64 kg/m, the total weight
  being 6.09 kg/m2. Covers either 608 mm or 762 mm
  spans, in whatever length required.

37
Roof Cladding Guttering System

• The roof cladding we are using is also the same
  as the warehouse. This was since there wasnt any
  real need to change cladding types.
• We also can keep the same guttering system.

WideKlip FIELDERS
Topglass ALSYNITE NZ LIMITED
38
Showroom Finish

• For the inner walls of the showroom, we will be
  creating stud walls in between the columns with
  60mm fibreglass insulation and then a 10 mm
  plasterboard wall. We arent setting up where
  the actual offices will be situated, we are only
  doing the interior perimeter and facilities such
  as toilets, kitchens, etc.

39
Showroom Section
Roof Beams 310UB46.2
Bearers (beams) 310UB46.2
Columns 310UC158
Pad Footing 1000 X 750d
Slab Thickening 300 wide
40
References

• Lysaght broacher
• http//www.fielders.com.au/product.asp?pID4
• http//www.tilt-up.org/
• http//www.ul.ie/7Egaughran/Gildea/page8.htm
• Jeremy Hams Lecture notes.
• www.onesteel.com
• www.clayco.com
• www.pikington.com.au