Chapter 11 International and Collective Security

1
Chapter 11International and Collective Security

• PS130 World Politics
• Michael R. Baysdell
• Saginaw Valley State University

2
Seeking Security Four Approaches

• Unlimited self-defense
• Traditional approach power through strength
• Limited self-defense
• State-based approach emphasizing arms limitations
• International security
• Collective approach that emphasizes arms
  limitations
• Abolition of war
• Pacifist approach that emphasizes complete
  disarmament

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Security Standards of Evaluation

• Security is relative
• Role of security norms and collective security
  forces
• Domestic versus international
• Domestic norms usually preclude bad behavior
• Domestic collective security
• Domestic disarmament
• Domestic conflict resolution
• Impossibility of absolute global security
• Need to compare different approaches to
  international security in order to begin
  evaluating them

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Weapons Proliferation

• Nuclear arms race, 1945-1980s
• Difference between atomic and nuclear weapons
• Known nuclear powers US, Russia, UK, China,
  France, Pakistan, India, Israel, maybe North
  Korea
• Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty commits member
  states to not have nuclear weapons188
  signatories (not Israel, Pakistan, India)
• Limited Test Ban Treaty bans atmospheric testing
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (unsigned by US)
  bans all testing except for maintenance
• START I and II between US and Russia reduced of
  weapons to 3500
• Treaty of Moscow (2002) 1700-2200 weapons each
• Now, focus is on new TYPES Bunker buster nuclear
  weapon

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Non-Nuclear Proliferation

• Chemical 1993 CWC treaty bans
• Biological banned by 1972 treaty
• Great Powers are now in the process of destroying
  stockpiles (being incinerated in Alabama and
  Utah)
• U.S. 1 in non-WMD arms sales worldwide

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Limited Self-Defense through Arms Control

• Alternative approach to security
• Aims at lessening military (especially offensive)
  capabilities
• Based on the belief that the decline in the
  number and power of weapons systems will ease
  political tension, making further arms agreements
  more likely

7
Methods of Achieving Arms Control

• Numerical restrictions
• Research and development restrictions
• Deployment restrictions
• Categorical restrictions
• Transfer restrictions
• Testing restrictions
• Geographic restrictions

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Numerical Restrictions

• Placing numerical limits above, at, or below the
  current level--most common approach to arms
  control
• EX START I II
• START I Central limits include 1,600 Strategic
  Nuclear Delivery Vehicles (SNDVs) 6,000
  accountable warheads 4,900 ballistic missile
  warheads 1,540 warheads on 154 heavy
  intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) for
  the Soviet side
• START II limited nuclear weapons to 3500, no
  MIRVs

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Development, Testing, and Deployment Restrictions

• Seek to stop a specific area of arms building
  before it starts
• Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT)
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
• Anti-Personnel Mine (APM) Treaty

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Categorical Restrictions

• Involve limiting or eliminating certain types of
  weapons
• Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty
  (1987)
• Anti-Personnel Mine Treaty

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Transfer Restrictions

• Aim at prohibiting or limiting the flow of
  weapons and weapons technology across
  international borders
• Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
• Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)

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Geographic Restrictions

• No weapons on the seabed or Antarctica
• Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in
  Latin America (a.k.a. Treaty of Tlatelolco)

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The History of Arms Control

• Attempts to control arms and other military
  systems extend almost to the beginning of written
  history
• Modern history of arms control began with the
  Hague Conferences (1899, 1907)
• Unparalleled destruction in World War I and II
  led to bans on poison gas, creation of IAEA
• Biological Weapons conventioncountries with
  biological weapons agreed to destroy them
• 1980s Arms control momentum began to pick up
  again--Reversing the trend of the cold war and
  the increasing proliferation of WMD

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WMD--Arms Control since 1990

• Most significant arms control progress made with
  nuclear weapons
• START I and II, Treaty of Moscow
• Overall number of nuclear weapons declining
  10,000 -gt 2200
• Renewal of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
  (NNPT) All but 4 nations have ratified
• Efforts to ban all nuclear testing
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
• Treaty on chemical weapons
• Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) pledge to
  eliminate all chemical weapons by 2005
• Problems dual use nature of chemicals, US and
  other countries have not ratified

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Conventional Weapons--Arms Control since 1990

• Conventional weapons inventories
• Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE)
• Anti-Personnel Mine (APM) Treaty
• Conventional weapons transfers
• Wassenaar Agreement)
• Dual-use technology a thorny problem
• UN conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms

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International Barriers to Arms Control

• Possibility of future conflict
• Threat of terrorists and rogue states
• Mini-nukes
• Doubts about the value of arms control
• Skepticism about whether reducing arms will
  actually increase security (classic tenet of
  realpolitik)
• Realist doubt that arms set off an arms race
  (question of the chicken or the egg)
• Political settlements should be achieved before
  arms reductions are negotiated because of
  inherent dangerousness of the world
• Verification and enforcement of arms control
  agreements can be an intrusive and difficult
  process. Some nations seek to evade or violate
  terms of arms control agreements through
  technologies and strategies that escape on-site
  inspections (OSI) and national technical means
  (NTM).

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Domestic Barriers to Arms Control

• National pride
• Symbol of national power
• Military spending, the economy, and politics
• Supplying the military can be big business
• Iron Triangle alliance among interest groups,
  bureaucracies, and legislators forming a
  military-industrial-congressional complex
• Can both hurt and help the national economy

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International Security Forces Theory and Practice

• Defining security
• Changing nature of security
• Organizing security
• Global
• United Nations
• Regional
• Organization for Security and Cooperation in
  Europe (OSCE)
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• Economic Community of West African States
  (ECOWAS)
• African Union (AU)

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Collective Security Similar to Domestic Law
Enforcement

• Force used only in self-defense
• Peace is indivisible an attack on one is an
  attack on all (ex NATO Article V)
• States unite to halt aggression and restore peace
• Successful domestically, often fails at the
  international level
• Countries unwilling to subordinate their
  sovereign interests to collective action
• Difficulty of distinguishing aggressor from the
  victim (Russia v. Georgia over South Ossetia,
  2008)

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Collective Security

• Bush administration doctrine of Preemptive War in
  Iraq war posed question of whether unilateral
  preventive action was a legal form of
  self-defense under collective security
• International experts appointed by UN Secretary
  General Kofi Annan in 2004 issued a report
  challenging legality of unilateral preventive
  military action.
• Political realities of UN Security Council
  politics sometimes mask reasons why members block
  collective military action by the Security
  Council even if such action is warranted (e.g.,
  French efforts to curb American hegemony during
  run-up to Iraq War.)

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UN Peacekeeping

• Response tends to be reactive and passive forces
  attempt to be neutralact as buffer to restore
  peace
• EX Disengagement agreements between Israel and
  Egypt in 1970s
• Most efforts in LDCs
• In the past, used military contingents from
  smaller, nonaligned powers
• With the end of the Cold War, increasing UN
  security role for larger powers, niche capability
  for smaller militaries

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UN Peacekeeping Issues

• Budget restraints and dependence on states for
  dues
• Security Council mandates establish peacekeeping
  operations, but these can be limited by the veto
  power of permanent members of the Security
  Council
• Role of international law and the jurisdiction of
  the International Criminal Court
• Questionable behavior of peacekeepers
• Some nations refuse to accept jurisdiction of
  International Criminal Court and ignore
  international law to resolve disputes

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Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement

• Limited effectiveness of peacekeeping
• Lack of political and financial support from
  member states for UN forces
• Lack of commitment from five permanent members of
  the UN Security Council
• Peacekeeping missions often do not have enough
  authority or resources or time to complete
  mission
• Upsurge in support for proactive peace
  enforcementmissions that are both reactive and
  preventative in scope
• Continued tension between rhetoric and reality

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Peace Enforcement Humanitarian Intervention or
Neocolonialism?

• Sovereignty at risk for smaller LDCs
• Major powers often have powerful emotional and
  political incentives to intervene that may not
  always be entirely selfless
• Whose interests are really being served by the
  deployment of peacekeepers? Will powerful
  countries now have UN license to impose their
  will on smaller countries?

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International Security and the Future

• Peacekeepinglargely a functional response to an
  international problem
• Becoming almost a permanent part of world
  politics
• Frustrations with the United Nations
• Inherent limitations of any international
  organization
• Need to distinguish between types of
  international security efforts and handle them
  differently
• Peacekeeping vs. peace enforcement vs.
  peace-building
• Use is likely to continue to increase

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Abolition of War

• Disarmament/General and complete disarmament
  (GCD)
• Unilateral
• Negotiated
• Pacifism
• Universal
• Private
• Antiwar

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Many alternatives to security exist. In order to
understand the best approach to international
security, we must ask

• What makes individuals and states feel insecure?

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Chapter Objectives Checklist

• After reading this chapter, students should be
  able to
• 1. Explain the issue of security by considering
  what insecurity means.
• 2. Discuss limited self-defense as an approach to
  security.
• 3. Characterize arms control as an approach to
  achieving security by limiting the numbers and
  types of weapons that countries possess.
• 4. List major events and themes in the history of
  arms control.
• 5. Discuss the major developments in efforts to
  achieve arms control by the limiting and reducing
  certain types of arms.
• 6. Discuss challenges faced by international
  efforts to limit arms transfers and the
  proliferation of weapons, including biological,
  chemical, and conventional weapons.
• 7. Summarize and evaluate international and
  domestic barriers to arms control.
• 8. Describe the roles that collective security
  and peacekeeping play in world politics.
• 9. Discuss the abolition of war as an approach to
  security, focusing on disarmament and pacifism.