Homeland Security

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• Chapter 16
• Homeland Security

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Learning Outcomes

• LO1 Identify three important trends in
  international terrorism.
• LO2 Explain why the Antiterrorism and Effective
  Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) is an important
  legal tool against terrorists.
• LO3 Describe the primary goals of an
  intelligence agency and indicate how it differs
  from an agency that focuses solely on law
  enforcement.
• LO4 Explain how American law enforcement
  agencies have used preventive policing to
  combat terrorism.
• LO5 Explain how the Patriot Act has made it
  easier for federal agents to conduct searches
  during terrorism investigations.

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Identify three important trends in international
terrorism.
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Learning Outcome 1

• Defining Terrorism
• the unlawful use of force against persons or
  property to intimidate or coerce a government,
  the civilian population, or any segment thereof,
  in furtherance of political or social objectives.

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Learning Outcome 1

• The Supercrime of Terrorism
• The violence factor
• The intention
• The victims
• The wrongdoers
• A just cause
• Organization
• Theater
• The absence of guilt

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Learning Outcome 1

• Global Jihad
• The struggle against evil in oneself
• The struggle against evil outside of oneself
• The struggle against non-believers

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Learning Outcome 1

• Trends in International Terrorism
• Terrorists have developed more efficient methods
  of financing their operations.
• Terrorists have developed more efficient
  organizations.
• Terrorists have exploited new communication
  technology to mount global campaigns.

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Learning Outcome 1

• Domestic Terrorism
• The radicalization of religion
• The radicalization of politics
• Ecoterrorism

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Learning Outcome 1

• Types of WMDs
• Biological weapons
• Chemical weapons
• Nuclear weapons
• Radiological weapons

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Explain why the Antiterrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) is an important
legal tool against terrorists.
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Learning Outcome 2

• The Antiterrorism and Effective Death
• Penalty Act (AEDPA)
• Passed in 1995 in response to the OKC bombings
• Prohibits persons from providing material support
  to foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs)

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Learning Outcome 2

• Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)
• Foreign
• Engage in terrorist activity
• Threaten U.S. security

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Learning Outcome 2

• The Patriot Act
• Relaxes restrictions on information sharing
  between law enforcement agencies
• Creates the crime of harboring a terrorist
• Gives greater freedom to seize email records
• Increases number of border patrol agents,
  customers inspectors, and immigration enforcement
  officials.
• Allows for detention of non-U.S. citizens
  suspected of terrorist activity.
• Eliminates statutes of limitations for most
  serious terrorism-related crimes.

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Learning Outcome 2

• The Department of Homeland Security
• Created in 2002
• Replaced FEMA as the lead agency for disaster
  management
• The Secretary of Homeland Security has a
  cabinet-level position and reports directly to
  the President of the United States
• Seven federal agencies are housed in the DHS

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Describe the primary goals of an intelligence
agency and indicate how it differs from an agency
that focuses solely on law enforcement.
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Learning Outcome 3

• Intelligence agency
• Works to prevent crimes or other undesirable acts
  by gathering information on potential wrongdoers.
  
• Electronic surveillance
• Human-source collection
• Open-source collection
• Counterintelligence

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Learning Outcome 3

• Intelligence agencies
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
• Gathers and analyzes information on foreign
  governments, corporations, and individuals
• National Security Agency (NSA)
• Focuses on communications

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Explain how American law enforcement agencies
have used preventive policing to combat
terrorism.
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Learning Outcome 4

• Preventive Policing
• Preventing crimes before they occur, rather than
  focusing on solving them afterwards
• Informants and Intelligence
• Emergency Preparedness and Response

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Learning Outcome 4

• Duties of First Responders
• Securing the scene of the incident by maintaining
  the order
• Rescuing and treating any injured civilians
• Containing and suppressing fires or other
  hazardous conditions that have resulted from the
  incident
• Retrieving those who have been killed

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Learning Outcome 4

• Immigration Law Basics
• Alien
• Visa requirements
• Immigration law is a form of civil law, not
  criminal law.

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Learning Outcome 4

• The Role of Immigration law
• Broad powers to remove suspicious foreigners from
  the U.S. without proving terrorist connections
• Deals with unregulated border entry
• Each year an estimated 3 million people enter the
  United States illegally
• The U.S. has 3,957 miles of border with Canada
  and 1,954 miles of border with Mexico.
• In 2009, 20,000 National Guard members were
  monitoring the Mexican border to assist the U.S.
  Border Patrol.

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CAREERPREP

• Customs and Border
• Protection Agent
• Job Description
• Ensure that laws are observed when goods and
  people enter the United States. Work at ports of
  entry and along the U.S. borders with Canada and
  Mexico to prevent smuggling and the entrance of
  illegal aliens.
• Conduct surveillance along the border using
  electronic sensors, infrared scopes, low-light
  television systems, and aircraft.
• What Kind of Training Is Required?
• Be fluent in Spanish or be able to learn the
  Spanish language.
• Pass a thorough background investigation, medical
  examination, fitness test, and drug test.
• Annual Salary Range?
• 36,60046,500
• For additional information, visit www.cbp.gov.

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Mastering Concepts
The Bill of Rights in the Age of Terrorism
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Explain how the Patriot Act has made it easier
for federal agents to conduct searches during
terrorism investigations.
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Leaning Outcome 5

• The Patriot Act and searches
• Easier for law enforcement agencies to conduct
  searches
• Agencies can obtain warrants without proof of
  criminal activity

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Leaning Outcome 5

• The Patriot Act and surveillance
• Allows searches and surveillance if a
  significant purpose if the investigation is
  intelligence gathering or any other type of
  antiterrorist activity.
• Expansion of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance
  Act of 1978

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CAREERPREP

• Transportation Security Officer
• Job Description
• Protect the public by preventing any deadly or
  dangerous objects from being carried onto an
  aircraft, boat, train, or other public transit
  vehicle.
• Implement security-screening procedures of
  passengers, baggage, and cargo.
• What Kind of Training Is Required?
• Must be able to repeatedly lift and carry up to
  seventy pounds and maintain focus and awareness
  within a stressful work environment.
• Must meet job-related medical standards and pass
  a background investigation.
• Annual Salary Range?
• 28,60067,000
• For additional information, visit
  www.tsa.gov/join/index.shtm.

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Leaning Outcome 5

• The NSA and warrantless wiretaps
• Conducted warrantless surveillance of
  communications between suspected terrorists and
  Al Qaeda contacts.
• NSA allowed to wiretap any person reasonably
  believed to be outside the U.S. for seven days
  in order to protect national security.

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Leaning Outcome 5

• The Bush Administrations Strategy
• Fifth Amendment no person shall be deprived of
  life, liberty, or property without due process
• After 9/11, U.S. Attorney General allowed
  officials to detain aliens of special interest
  without charging them with a crime.
• Also allowed indefinite detention of such non-US
  citizens in the event of emergency or other
  extraordinary circumstances.
• Created military tribunals to establish guilt of
  those detained at Gunatanamo Bay (GTMO)

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Leaning Outcome 5

• The Obama Administrations Strategy
• Announced plans to close GTMO and discontinue
  military tribunals
• Plans to provide access to American courts for
  detainees not subject to prolonged detention