The New York Control Area (NYCA)

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Session 4.

• The New York Control Area (NYCA)

Bob Waldele Manager Operations
Engineering Operations Reliability NYISO
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Robert Waldele mini-bio

• 33 years with NYPP and NYISO (transmission
  planning, dispatcher training, operations
  engineering)
• BSEE(Comp. Sci., Power) Northwestern University
• Railfan/Photographer, Model Railroader (garden)
• Church Organist and Choir Director
• Rumored to have caused first Blackout (Nov. 9,
  1965) while still in high school
• Member of Operator Tools, Training, and EMS
  Performance Team of the NERC 2003 Blackout
  Investigation Task Force
• Active participant in numerous IEEE-PES, NPCC,
  NERC and EPRI study and support groups

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Annie Liebovitz photographer

• Success didnt spoil me, Ive always been
  insufferable.

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The New York Control Area (NYCA)

• Location of major facilities
• Generation
• Transmission system constraints
• The New York ISO
• Commercial responsibilities
• Normal operation responsibilities
• Emergency operation responsibilities
• Transmission interfaces (flowgates)
• Likely transmission constraints in NYCA
• Ties with neighboring systems
• OASIS

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(No Transcript)
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What does the NYISO do?

• The New York ISO
• Commercial responsibilities
• Administers the Tariffs
• Open Access Transmission Tariff (OATT)
• Market Services Tariff
• Agreements with Market Participants
• NYISO has operational responsibilities to insure
  the reliability of the NYCA and its
  interconnections

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NYISO Markets

• Energy - in two separate markets
• Day-Ahead
• Real-Time
• 2 direct bid Ancillary Services
• Operating Reserve
• Regulation
• Generation Capacity - ICAP
• Cost Based Ancillary Services
• Congestion Protection - the TCC

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More commercial information?

• We are not going to go into detail about the
  NYISO Market Operation
• NY Market Operation Course (NYMOC)
• Covers the aspects of dealing with the Market
  Information System (MIS), participating in the
  several ancillary service markets
• Go to www.nyiso.com for more information and
  schedule and registration

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System Operations

• What does the NYISO do?
• Transmission system security (Reliability
  Coordinator)
• Control Area Operator (balancing authority)
• Outage Scheduling
• Planning (resource, transmission, load
  forecasting)
• Generator interaction with NYISO Control Area
  Operation

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Overview of Control Area Operation
New York Control Area
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Reliability Coordinators Responsibility
If we dont coordinate the collective security of
the interconnected power system, the whole
business can collapse like a house of cards. It
has happened, and its not pretty The Northeast
Blackout Nov. 9th 1965 (the grand-daddy of
them all until)
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Other Notable Events

• July 1977 - New York City
• July 1989 - Province of Quebec
• January 1994 WSCC
• December 1994 WSCC
• July, August 1996 Pacific NW (3 times)
• January 1998 Montreal and Northern NY
• December 1998 San Francisco
• And who can forget
• August 14, 2003 Midwest and Northeast

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Santayana

• those who refuse to learn from history are
  doomed to repeat it.

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NYISOs RC Responsibilities

• Interaction with Generation Owners
• Interaction with Transmission Owners
• Transmission interfaces (flowgates)
• Likely transmission constraints in NYCA
• Ties with neighboring systems

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Interaction with Generators

• Real-time security dispatch adjusts output of
  generators to respect system security constraints
• AGC adjusts generation to maintain area control
  error (ACE)
• Reserve pick-up adjusts generation following a
  contingency loss of resource

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Load Following - RTS

• RTS dispatches generators with basepoints to meet
  the 5 minute projected load
• Primary control of generation based on
  availability, cost, capability limits, and
  response rates
• Maintain reserve requirements
• Adjusts generation to solve security constraints
• Calculates real time prices

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Maintaining Interchange Schedules
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Generation Dispatch to Follow the Load

• Day-ahead (SCUC) commits generation to load
  forecast and sufficient additional generation to
  meet reliability requirements (including reserve)
• Hour-ahead in-day in advance of real time
• Off dispatch units are scheduled by the hour
• Transactions are scheduled by the hour
• Additional generation needed resulting from
  forced outages, external schedule changes or
  forecast error
• 5-minute load following with on-dispatch units
  receiving 5-min. base points
• Six second AGC with on-control units receiving
  6-sec. base points respond to Area Control Error

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SINGLE LARGEST SOURCE CONTINGENCY 1,200 MW
10 MIN SYNC
30 MIN
600 MW min
600 MW
10 MIN NON-SYNC
What is needed in addition to 10 min SYNC (600)
to total 1200 MW
10 MINUTE TOTAL 1,200 MW
RESERVE REQUIREMENT 1,800MW
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NYISO Operating Reserve

• Consistent with NPCC Criteria and NYSRC
  Reliability rules, the NYCA must maintain
  sufficient operating reserve to withstand any
  loss of generation in the CA within design
  criteria
• NYCA Operating Reserve Requirement is 1 ½ times
  the largest contingency
• the largest source contingency is typically 1200
  MW
• Operating Reserve is maintained in three
  catagories
• Ten minute Synchronous Reserve
• Total ten minute reserve
• Total 30 minute reserve

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Reserve Requirements

• NYISO instituted TO communicated
• Reserve Pick-up
• Payment based on following NYISO basepoints
• Energy dispatch based on economic selection, not
  necessarily units carrying reserve
• Performance penalties suspended
• Max Gen Pick-up
• Generation expected to produce at maximum
  capability reimbursed for energy produced no
  base points
• Performance penalties suspended.
• Selective Max Gen Pick-up
• Instituted on a zonal basis

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Interaction with Transmission Owners

• Real-time security monitors loading of critical
  transmission facilities and paths
• NYISO coordinates facility switching for
  scheduled outages
• Coordinate response to emergency outages and/or
  contingency loss of facilities
• Coordinate EHV voltage profiles

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Security Constraints

• Frequency
• Voltage
• Equipment Ratings
• System Constraints

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Frequency

• Frequency is an indicator of the health of the
  interconnection
• Sudden changes in frequency are signals of
  things happening somewhere
• Slow changes/small deviations in frequency
  generally indicate load/generation trends
• Frequency is like the weather everybody talks
  about it

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Security Constraints

• Frequency
• Voltage
• Equipment Ratings
• System Constraints

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Voltage Control

• NYISO coordinates the voltage profile on the EHV
  transmission system
• NYISO requests for reactive support relayed by TO
  to generators
• Report AVR outages to the NYISO
• NYISO directs switching of EHV connected shunt
  capacitors and reactors
• Out of normal operation of transmission
  regulation devices (SVCs, etc.)

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Security Constraints

• Frequency
• Voltage
• Equipment Ratings
• System Constraints

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Ratings of Facilities

• Transmission equipment ratings
• Tie-line Rating Guide (NYSRC)
• Line conductor (size, configuration)
• Transformer ratings
• Load Interrupting Current ratings
• Breaker continuous (load) and interrupting
  (fault)
• CT, wavetrap, instrumentation ratings
• Bus conductor ampacity
• Generator capability and response rates
• Voltage ratings/limits - high and low

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Ratings of Transmission Facilities

• Transmission equipment ratings
• Tie-line Rating Guide (NYSRC)
• Transmission line conductor
• Terminal equipment and bus section
• Ratings of jointly owned facilities
• Rating authority real-time updates
• Transformers
• Self-cooled, forced cooled
• Tap-changing capability

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Generator Equipment Ratings

• Generators required to perform periodic testing
  to demonstrate capability
• DMNC (seasonal) for real power for participation
  in the energy and ICAP
• Reactive capability testing (annual) for
  participation in the VSS Ancillary Service

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Voltage Ratings/Limits

• NYISO Controlled/Secured Stations
• TD or EO Manual, App. A-3 lists stations that
  NYISO monitors and secures
• Owner sets the post-contingency high/low voltage
  limits based on equipment ratings
• NYISO establishes pre-contingency high/low
  voltage limits to secure
• Prevent violation of post-contingency limit
• Pre-contingency limits determined by through
  system studies and approved

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Security Constraints

• Frequency
• Voltage
• Equipment Ratings
• System Constraints

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Transmission System Constraints

• Thermal ratings
• Transient Stability Limits
• Station Voltage limits
• Voltage Constrained Transfers
• Locational Reserve requirements
• Local Reliability constraints

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Transmission Interfaces

• Historically in NYCA we have used transmission
  interfaces to monitor and secure the system
• 6 internal interfaces
• Several have transient or voltage stability
  limits
• All are evaluated on a forecast seasonal basis
• 4 external interfaces (neighboring CAs)
• Monitor inter-Area schedules/transactions
• All are evaluated on a forecast seasonal basis

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Moses-South
Central East
Dysinger East
West Central
Total East
UPNY-ConEd
NYC Cable
Total East
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NYISO Operating Interfaces

• Cross-State Interfaces
• Dysinger-East
• West-Central
• Moses-South
• Central East
• Total East
• UPNY-ConEd
• Sprain Brook/Dunwoodie-South (NYC Cable)
• Inter-Area Interfaces
• NYISO-IMO
• NYISO-ISO-NE
• NYISO-PJM
• NYISO-HQTE

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Transmission System Constraints

• Station voltage limits
• Actions to prevent violation of pre-contingency
  voltage limits may include curtailing power
  transfers in the vicinity of the constraint
• Other constraints
• Maintaining operating reserve requirement
• Locational Reserve requirements
• Local Reliability constraints
• Local reliability rules

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Solving Transmission Constraints

• NYISO Real-time dispatch will adjust generation
  to solve security constraints
• Can solve thermal rating (projected
  post-contingency overload) constraint for
  individual facilities
• Can solve interface constraint for
• Transient Stability Limits
• Voltage Stability (Collapse) Limits

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Are we there yet? Are we there yet?
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Summary

• The foundation for maintaining Reliability comes
  from the adequacy and security of
• Frequency, Voltage, Reserve, Regulation, while
  respecting equipment and interface limits.
• The NYISO uses EMS applications to commit,
  schedule and dispatch generation, balance load to
  secure the system
• Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC)
• Balancing Market Evaluation (BME)
• Security Constrained Dispatch (SCD) and Automatic
  Generation Control (BME)

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Yogi Berra

• Why buy good luggage? You only use it when you
  travel.
• or
• When you come to a fork in the road, take it.