WORLD IN 1700--OVERVIEW

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WORLD IN 1700--OVERVIEW
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EUROPE 1700
DECLINING STATES Spain Ottoman Empire
LARGE AND POWERFUL STATES France Great
Britain Austrian Empire Russia
WEAK STATES The German States The Italian States
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EUROPEAN MONARCHIES

• STATE STRUCTURE
• monarchies
• ruled by kings supported by a small group of
  hereditary nobles
• some absolute/othersconstitutional
• unjust and undemocratic

Louis XIV
Peter the Great
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EUROPEAN SOCIETY

• Divided into strict categories arranged in a
  hierarchical order
• Everyone had their place and generally stayed
  thereas did their children, grandchildren,
  great-grandchildren, etc.
• France divided into three categories, known as
  estates

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FIRST ESTATE

• CLERGY
• 0.5 OF POPULATION
• HONORARY PRIVILEGES
• First in parades and processions
• First to speak in assemblies
• TAX EXEMPTION
• JUDICIAL PRIVILEGES
• Had its own court system to try clergy for crimes
• POSSESSED ITS OWN ASSEMBLY
• MOST HIGHLY HONORED, LEAST BURDENED WITH TAXES
  AND BEST ORGANIZED ESTATE

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SECOND ESTATE

• NOBILITY
• 1.5 OF POPULATION
• HONORARY PRIVILEGES
• Right to carry sword
• Right to hunt
• Right to have reserved pew in church
• VIRTUALLY TAX EXEMPT
• ECONOMIC RIGHTS
• Peasants had to pay them fees and rent to live on
  and work the land
• MISCELLANEOUS PRIVILEGES
• Monopoly on all high positions in military, civil
  service, and the Church

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THIRD ESTATE

• EVERYONE WHO WAS NOT A CLERGYMAN OR
  NOBLE--COMMONERS
• 98 OF THE POPULATION
• DIVERSE ESTATE
• Bourgeoisie
• Wealthy, well educated, and ambitious
• Merchants, bankers, and professionals
• Urban Tradesmen
• Craftsmen and shopkeepers

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PEASANTS

• 90 of French population
• Not independent farmers
• Could only sell, lease, or bequeath land with
  permission of local noble
• Church exacted tithe
• Paid most royal taxes
• Subject to draft/ forced labor
• Did not produce much to begin with
• Basically hopeless situation

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EUROPEAN EXPANSION
Despite depressing internal status quo, European
states were extending their power beyond the
borders of their continent
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AFRICA
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AFRICA

• EAST AND NORTH COAST HAD CONTACT WITH EUROPE AND
  ASIA FOR CENTURIES
• INTERIOR WAS LARGELY UNKNOWN TO OUTSIDERS
• Primitive tribes
• Advanced civilizations
• Songhai Empire
• West Africa
• Founded in 1400s
• Capital at Timbuktu
• Flourishing Islamic culture
• Destroyed by desert invaders in 1590s

Timbuktu
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LONG-TERM TREND

• European merchants exploited lack of political
  and cultural unity in Africa
• Played on tribal and commercial rivalries to
  further their economic interests
• Meddling in African affairs increased with time
  and came to involve European governments
• Especially when African slaves became a valuable
  commodity on the international market with the
  development of plantation agriculture in the
  American colonies

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INDIA
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INDIA

• OLD CIVILIZATION
• Commercial cities
• Highly developed arts
• Hindu religion
• MOGULS
• Part Mongol/part Turk
• defeated armies of rajas and brought unity to
  region under Babur
• Greatest ruler was Akbar the Great Mogul
• Persecution of Hindus prompted breakaway of parts
• Invaders from Afghanistan increased fragmentation

Akbar the Great Mugal
Taj Mahal
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BIG TROUBLE FOR INDIA

• BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
• Came to trade
• Exploited deteriorating political situation
• Formed own army made up of Indian mercenaries
  (sepoys)
• Began process that would lead to British takeover
  of country

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CHINA
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CHINA

• MING DYNASTY
• 1300s-1640s
• Yung lo
• Built schools, patronized cultural/intellectual
  projects, engaged in public works projects
• Moved capital to Bejiing
• Built Forbidden City
• Voyages of the Precious Ships

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MANCHU (QING) DYNASTY

• Conquered China in 1640s
• Last Dynasty (1644-1912)
• Good leadership in early years
• Increasing conservative, gradually cutting China
  off from rest of world
• Expelled foreign missionaries and merchants
• Only studied Chinese subjects
• Fell steadily behind the West in science and
  technology

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JAPAN
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JAPAN

• Copied Chinese civilization until 900 AD
• Developed distinctive culture after 900
• Court aristocracy at Kyoto cultivated a delicate
  and sensitive lifestyle emphasizing refined
  poetry, art and graceful manners

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OUT IN THE COUNTRYSIDE

• Samurai (rural warriors develop bushido)
• Emphasized military virtues (courage, pride,
  loyalty)
• Special emphasis on honor
• Preferred death to dishonor (seppuku suicide
  ritual)

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SHOGUN

• Embodiment of bushido values
• Originally military commander appointed by
  emperor
• Becomes real power behind the throne as emperors
  weaken
• Civil wars between samurai chieftains for
  position (1200-1600)
• Establishment of Tokugawa Shogunate by Tokugawa
  Ieyasu in 1603.

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TOKUGAWA JAPAN

• Tokugawa family dominates position of shogun from
  1603 to 1868
• Good rulers
• Increasingly conservative
• Cut Japan off from rest of world
• Blending of aristocratic and bushido traditions
  to create unique Japanese temperament