Chapter 20: The Atlantic World

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Chapter 20The Atlantic World

• 1492 - 1800

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vNjEGncridoQ
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Chapter 20 Overview
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Section 1 Spain Builds an American Empire

• Background Competition for wealth among
  Europeans Exposure to cool stuff from the
  East via Silk Roads and Crusades improvements
  in sailing Arabic inventions (astrolabe)
  Prince Henry the Navigators School for Sailors
  interest in cartography wealth new thinking
  from Renaissance
• Era of Exploration

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vrjhIzemLdos
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Christopher Columbus

• Approach Isabella and Ferdinand (of Spain)
  shortly after Moors had been kicked out by the
  Reconquesta
• Perfect timing!
• Isabella provided backing for initial voyages,
  and the 3 voyages afterwards
• Ill sail to Asia and open up trade with the
  Indies.
• Wellgot to the Caribbean instead.
• In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue.

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The Three Gs

• Early explorers and conquistadors interested in
  just 3 things
• Gold
• Glory
• God
• (In that order!)
• Columbuss 2nd voyage provided a means to
  establish an empire
• Abused local natives
• Established colonies throughout Caribbean
• Later conquistadors came with Columbus on these
  voyages

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Other Explorers

• Pedro Alvares Cabral (Portugal) Brazil and
  claimed it for Portugal in 1500
• Treaty of Tordesillas 1494, Spain and Portugal
  divide new world
• Ferdinand Magellan
• Circumnavigated the globe, proving
• It could be done (sailing around the world)
• You could get East by sailing West
• The natives on the Philippines are nasty
• This trading thing is very, very profitable!

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Hernando Cortez and the Aztecs

• Became a conquistador
• Heard of Aztecs
• Landed on Carib. shore
• Found locals to help him
• Arrived in year 1 Reedpale faced and with a
  beard!
• How able to conquer an empire of millions with
  about 600 men and some native allies?!?!
• Luck, diseases, superior weapons, legend,
  horses, native allies

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Francisco Pizarro and the Inca

• Pizarro and 200 men ambushed Atahualpa and 30,000
  men!
• Again, superior weapons, disease (small pox had
  already come prior to Spaniards even showing up),
  horses, etc.
• Kidnapped Atahualpa, held him for ransomthen
  killed him anyway

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Spains Empire in the Americas

• By mid 16th C., had New Spain in Mexico, etc.,
  and Peru in Ctrl/So. America
• Regional capitals
• Local governors
• Imposed culture among natives
• Intermarried ? mestizo population
• Converted to Catholicism
• Encomienda systemforced labor from Native
  Americans
• Natives resisted, ran away, etc. (And many just
  died!) Worked on plantations, mines, etc.

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Spains Influence Expands

• Spain becoming very rich
• Built a huge navy (or armada) to protect ships
• Expand to (modern) United States
• Send explorers throughout SW, southern Plains
• Coronado explored 9 different states
• Looking for the Cities of Cibola
• Found the Grand Canyon instead
• Priests went everywhere
• Established colonies, churches, etc.
• Priests did much of the colonizing in New Mexico,
  which became HQ for Church in New World

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Opposition to Spanish Rule

• Harsh rule, many abuses of natives (and even
  mestizos)
• Harsh, rigid social systemif you werent born in
  Europe, you were nothing
• Some natives rebelled objecting to harsh rule
  and culture being destroyed
• Priests started to be concerned
• Bartolomé de Las Casas suggested using Africans
  for labor instead
• Why Africans? New to area (wont run away),
  stronger, and have some immunity to Old World
  diseases plus, just running out of natives!
• ? Importation of African slaves began

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In Brazil

• Cabral claimed land for Portugal in 1500
• 1530scolonial period began
• Little minerals, so grew sugar instead
• Made Portugal very rich
• Also fell into slavery, and imported more slaves
  than all other areas in the New World combined
• Rigid social class system like Spanish areas

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Section 2European Nations Settle North Amer.

• New France
• Who? Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, Sieur
  de la Salle
• Why? Establish trade, esp. providing furs not
  necessarily inhabiting the lands, but just
  using
• Where? Originally up the St. Lawrence River
• Important dates 1534 Cartier (St. Law Ri)
• 1608 Champlain founded Quebec, claimed New
  France
• 1673 Marquette and Joliet Upper Mississippi Ri.

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English Arrive

• Who? Male settlers, Pilgrims, Puritans
• Why? Religious freedom start a new life
• Where? New England, VA, MA
• Important dates
• 1607 Jamestown All men. By 1620, women
  and slaves have arrived. Tobacco.
• 1620 Plymouth Pilgrims and Strangers
• 1630 Mass. Bay Colony Puritans
• 1763 French and Indian War open way for English
  to inhabit most of North America

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Dutch Are Next

• Who? Henry Hudson, others
• Why? Trade searching for NW Passage
• Where? Hudson River Manhattan Island
• Important dates
• 1609 Hudson River
• 1621 New Netherlands established
• Kicked out by English between 1664 - 1750

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Native Americans React and Revolt

• French and Dutch had decent relationships, but
  English did not
• Various Indian Wars throughout 13 English
  Colonies
• Many fall to disease, loss of resources, kicked
  farther west
• Small pox, others

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Section 3The Atlantic Slave Trade
Was already an established business in Africa

• 650 Muslims transport about 17 mil. Africans
  to No. Africa and SW Asia
• 1400-1500 Portuguese explore Africa
• 1500-1600 Spain and Portugal colonize
  Americas began enslaving Africans 300,000
  Africans
• 1600-1700 Atlantic slave trade grows
  dramatically under Spain and Portugal 1.3
  million!
• 1690 England increases Atlantic slave trade
• 1870 Atlantic slave trade ends

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Triangular Trade Routehttp//www.youtube.com/watc
h?vdnV_MTFEGIY
20 would die, tossed overboard
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Slavery in the Americas

• Conditions
• Horrible!
• Field, forests, rice paddies, mines, houses
• Beatings, starvation
• Lifelong and hereditary
• Some masters okay, but others were ruthless

• Resistance, Rebellion, and How to Cope
• Keep African culture alive
• Stories, music
• Would be less productive sabotage efforts
• Ran away
• Armed revolts/Uprisings

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Consequences of Slave Trade

• In Africa
• Lost generations of people
• Families torn apart
• Introduced guns, encouraged violence among
  African peoples

• In America (all)
• Contributed labor
• Assured some colonies would succeed and prosper
• Brought culture, which mixed with natives Euros
• Many nations today are predominantly
  African-American

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Section 4 The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade

• Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, etc. from
  Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) to New World
  (Americas)
• Not all goodnot all bad.
• Forever changed life for almost everyone on the
  whole planet!
• Brought the extinction of many cultural groups of
  Native Americans.
• Most important (positive) exchanges?
• From East to West livestock, bananas, wheat
• From West to East potato, corn

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vHQPA5oNpfM4
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Global trade

• New sources of wealth
• Rise of capitalism
• Economic system based on private ownership and
  investment as a way to make money
• Profits! Reinvestment! Etc.
• Increase in money supply
• Inflation
• Joint-Stock Companies
• Like a corporationinvestors pool money (buy
  shares) in hopes of getting a profit
• Reduces individual financial risk
• Popular way to pay for colonization

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Mercantilism (boo! hiss!)

• Colonies exist for the sole purpose of making
  money for the mother country.
• Provides raw materials
• Forced to buy finished products (but from
  factories in mother country)
• Its good for the mother country, if
• Theres lots of gold and silver, or
• Theres a favorable balance of trade.
• Goal Become self-sufficient (off of your
  colonies) to eliminate need for trade with other
  imperial powers

Spain
England
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