History of Information and Technology Systems

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History of Information and Technology Systems

• Those who do not Learn from history are
  destined to repeat it
• George Santayana

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• Learning Objectives
• When you have finished discussing this lesson,
  you will be able to
• 1. Understand how computer technology has
  evolved.
• 2. Identify key people in the development of
  computers.
• 3. Explain the main differences among the
  generations of computers.
• 4. Discuss trends in the development of
  computers.

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Four basic periods

• Characterized by a principal technology used to
  solve the input, processing, output and
  communication problems of the time
• Premechanical
• Mechanical
• Electromechanical
• Electronic

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The Premechanical Age (3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.)

• Simple mechanism powered by hand due to the
  absence of electricity and adequate industrial
  technology.

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• 1. Writing and Alphabets--communication.
• a. First humans communicated only through
  speaking and simple drawings known as
  petroglyths (signs or simple figures carved in
  rock).
• Many of these are pictographs pictures or
  sketches that visually resemble that which is
  depicted.
• E.g.,
• cave painting from Lascaux, France, c.
  15,000- 10,000 BC prehistoric petroglythic
  imagery from Western U.S.

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• E.g., cave painting from Lascaux, France, c.
  15,000-10,000 BC

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• E.g., prehistoric petroglythic imagery from
  Western U.S.
• Geometric signs (dots, squares, etc.) with no
  apparent depicted object ideographs (symbols to
  represent ideas or concepts.)

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• b. First development of signs corresponding to
  spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express
  words.
• Starting in 3100 B.C., the Sumerians in
  Mesopotamia (southern Iraq) devised cuneiform --
  the first true written language and the first
  real information system.
• Pronounced "coo-nay-eh-form"
• Cuneiform's evolutionEarly pictographic tablet
  (3100 B.C.), (2500 -2800 B.C) , (2100 B.C.)

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• Early pictographic tablet (3100 B.C.).

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Pictographs were turned on their sides (2800
B.C.) and then developed into actual cuneiform
symbols (2500 B.C.) -- as this clay tablet
illustrates.

• Pictographs for star (which also meant heaven or
  god), head, and water (on the left) were turned
  on their side (in the middle), and eventually
  became cuneiform symbols (on right).

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• A cuneiform table (c. 2100 B.C.) listing
  expenditures of grain and animals.

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• c. Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created
  symbols that expressed single syllables and
  consonants (the first true alphabet).
• d. The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician
  alphabet and added vowels the Romans gave the
  letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use
  today.

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• 2. Paper and Pens--input technologies.
• Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that
  could scratch marks in wet clay.
• About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians wrote on the
  papyrus plant
• Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from
  rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based,

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• 3. Books and Libraries--output technologies
  (permanent storage devices).
• Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the
  earliest "books"
• The Egyptians kept scrolls.
• Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets
  of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them
  together.

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• 4. The First Numbering Systems.
• a. Egyptian system
• The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10
  as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled
  rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.
• b. The first numbering systems similar to those
  in use today were invented between 100 and 200
  A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit
  numbering system.
• Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was
  developed.
• 5. The First Calculators The Abacus.

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• Abacus
• The first manual data device developed in China
  in the 12th century A.D..
• The device has a frame with beads strung on
  wires and arithmetic calculations are performed
  by manipulating the beads

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The Mechanical Age 1450 - 1840

• During this centuries, Europeans created several
  calculating machines that made use of existing
  technology, specifically clockwork gears and
  levers.

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• 1. The First Information Explosion.
• Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany c. 1387-1468)
• Invented the movable metal-type printing process
  in 1450.
• The development of book indexes and the
  widespread use of page numbers.
• 2. The first general purpose "computers"
• Actually people who held the job title "computer
  one who works with numbers."
• 3. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's
  Machine
• 4. Babbages Engine

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• Slide Rule
• Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English
  clergyman, invented the slide rule
• Early example of an analog computer.

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• The Pascaline (front)

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• rear view

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• Diagram of interior

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• PASCALINE
• Invented by Blaise Pascal (1623-62), a French
• mathematician
• One of the first mechanical computing machines,
  
• around 1642.
• capable of adding and subtracting numbers
  containing
• up to eight digits
• operated by dialing series of wheels
• approximately the size of a cigar box
• hand-cranked mechanical gear system
• Performed computation by counting integers

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Blaise Pascal (1623-62)
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• Leibniz's Machine.
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
  (1646-1716), German mathematician and
  philosopher.
• Capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
  division and extract square roots.

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Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716),
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• 4. Babbage Engine
• Invented by Charles Babbage (1792-1871),
  eccentric English mathematician. Considered the
  father of computer because his invention became
  the basis for modern computational devices.
• The Difference Engine (1822)
• Designed to standard procedure for calculating
  the roots of polynomials.
• The Analytical Engine
• Designed to use two types of cards operation
  card and variable cards.

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• Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom
• Designed during the 1830s
• Parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers.
  
• The "store"
• The "mill"
• Punch cards.
• Punch card idea picked up by Babbage from Joseph
  Marie Jacquard's (1752-1834) loom.
• Introduced in 1801.
• Binary logic
• Fixed program that would operate in real time.
• Augusta Ada Byron (1815-52).
• She wrote a demonstration program for the
  Analytic Engine, prompting many to refer her as
  the first programmer.

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Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
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Working model created in 1822. The "method of
differences".
The Difference Engine.
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The Analytical Engine.

• The machine was designed to use a form of punched
  card similar to Jacquard's punched cards for data
  input.
• This device would have been a full-fledged modern
  computer with a recognizable IPOS cycle (input,
  processing, output, and storage).
• the technology during this time could not produce
  the parts required to complete the analytical
  engine.

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Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom.
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Augusta Ada Byron
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Electromechanical Age 1840 - 1940.

• The discovery of ways to harness electricity was
  the key advance made during this period.
  Knowledge and information could now be converted
  into electrical impulses.

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• 1. The Beginnings of Telecommunication.
• a. Voltaic Battery.
• Late 18th century.
• b. Telegraph.
• Early 1800s.
• c. Morse Code.
• Developed in1835 by Samuel Morse
• Dots and dashes.
• d. Telephone and Radio.
• e. Followed by the discovery that electrical
  waves travel through space and can produce an
  effect far from the point at which they
  originated.
• f. These two events led to the invention of the
  radio
• Guglielmo Marconi
• 1894

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• 2. Electromechanical Computing
• a. Herman Hollerith and IBM. -
  Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) in
• 1880
• - Census Machine
• - Early punch cards
• - Punch card workers
• By 1890
• The International Business Machines
  Corporation (IBM).
• Its first logo
• b. Mark 1

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Alexander Graham Bell. 1876
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• He founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896
  
• Tabulating Machine Company merged with two other
  companies to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recordi
  ng Company

Dr. Herman Hollerith
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Census Machine
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Early punch cards
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• 1924, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company
  became International Business Machines
  Corporation (IBM).
• marketing expert named Thomas Watson Sr (Business
  partner of Hollerith

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Mark 1
Paper tape stored data and program instructions.
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• Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard
  University Built the Mark I
• Completed January 1942
• 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed
  5 tons
• used about 750,000 parts
• slow, taking 3 to 5 seconds to perform a single
  multiplication operation

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The Electronic Age 1940 - Present

• The first electronic computers were complex
  machines that required large investments to build
  and use. The computer industry might never have
  developed without government support and funding

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• 1. First Tries.
• - Early 1940s
• - Electronic vacuum tubes.
• 2. Dr. John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
• a. The First High-Speed, General-Purpose
  Computer Using Vacuum Tubes Electronic
  Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
• b. The First Stored-Program Computer(s) - Early
  1940s, Mauchly and Eckert began to design the
  EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable
  Computer.
• - John von Neumann's influential report in June
  1945 "The Report on the EDVAC"

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• British scientists used this report and outpaced
  the Americans.
• - Max Newman headed up the effort at
  Manchester
• University
• Where the Manchester Mark I went into operation
  in June 1948--becoming the first stored-program
  computer.
• Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge
  University,
• completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
• Automatic Calculator) in 1949--two years
  before EDVAC
• was finished.
• EDSAC became the first stored-program computer
  in general use (i.e., not a prototype).

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• c. The First General-Purpose Computer for
  Commercial Use Universal Automatic Computer
  (UNIVAC).
• Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the
  development of a computer called UNIVAC
  (Universal Automatic Computer)
• Remington Rand.
• First UNIVAC delivered to Census Bureau in 1951.
• a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office)
  went into action a few months before UNIVAC and
  became the world's first commercial computer.

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• 3. The Four Generations of Digital Computing.
• a. The First Generation (1951-1958).
• - Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.
• - Punch cards to input and externally store
  data.
• - Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage
  of data and programs
• Programs written in
• Machine language
• Assembly language
• Requires a compiler.

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• b. The Second Generation (1959-1963).
• - Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as
  main logic element.
• ATT's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s
• Crystalline mineral materials called
  semiconductors could be used in the design of a
  device called a transistor
• - Magnetic tape and disks began to replace
  punched cards as external storage devices.
• - Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped
  magnets that could be polarized in one of two
  directions to represent data) strung on wire
  within the computer became the primary internal
  storage technology.
• High-level programming languages
• E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL

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• c. The Third Generation (1964-1979).
• 1. Individual transistors were replaced by
  integrated circuits.
• 2. Magnetic tape and disks completely replace
  punch cards as external storage devices.
• 3. Magnetic core internal memories began to give
  way to a new form, metal oxide semiconductor
  (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits,
  used silicon-backed chips.
• - Operating systems
• - Advanced programming languages like BASIC
  developed.
• Which is where Bill Gates and Microsoft got their
  start in 1975.

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• d. The Fourth Generation (1979- Present).
• 1. Large-scale and very large-scale integrated
  circuits (LSIs and VLSICs)
• 2. Microprocessors that contained memory, logic,
  and control circuits (an entire CPU Central
  Processing Unit) on a single chip.

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• Which allowed for home-use personal computers or
  PCs, like the Apple (II and Mac) and IBM PC.
• Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen
  Wozniak and Steven Jobs.
• First Apple Mac released in 1984.
• IBM PC introduced in 1981.
• Debuts with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating
  System)
• Fourth generation language software products
• E.g., Visicalc, Lotus 1-2-3, dBase, Microsoft
  Word, and many others.
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) for PCs arrive in
  early 1980s
• MS Windows debuts in 1983, but is quite a
  clunker.

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Vacuum tubes could multiply two ten-digit numbers
forty times per second.
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• The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right J.
  Presper Eckert, Jr. John Grist Brainerd Sam
  Feltman Herman H. Goldstine John W. Mauchly
  Harold Pender Major General G. L. Barnes
  Colonel Paul N. Gillon.

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• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
  (ENIAC) 1946.
• Used vacuum tubes (not mechanical devices) to do
  its calculations.
• first electronic computer.
• Developers John Mauchly, a physicist, and J.
  Prosper Eckert, an electrical engineer
• But it could not store its programs (its set of
  instructions)

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• ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes, and it is said
  that the lights would dim in Philadelphia
  whenever ENIAC was turned on. ENIAC was 10 feet
  high, 10 feet wide, and 100 feet long.

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The Manchester University Mark I (prototype) 
First Stored-Program Computer(s)
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The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial
Use Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).
                
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This UNIVAC I was a commercial version of the
ENIAC.
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UNIVAC publicity photo                        
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Magnetic drums provided secondary storage for
first-generation computers.
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The transistor was invented by John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain, and William Shockley of Bell
Telephone Laboratories
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Magnetic core memory reduces calculation times
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Integrated circuits are shown here with first-generation vacuum tubes and second-generation transistors.

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The two Steves--Steve Jobs (in the white sweater and red shirt) and Steve Wozniak--are holding the Apple I board.
 
Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen
Wozniak and Steven Jobs. Initially sold for
1,195 (without a monitor) had 16k RAM.
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The IBM PC
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Apple's GUI (on the first Mac) debuts in 1984,
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MS Windows debuts in 1983, but is quite a
clunker.
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Windows wouldn't take off until version 3 was
released in 1990                                
                                                  
             
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Four Stages, or Generations, of Computer
Development
Generation Years Circuitry Characterized By
First  1951 - 1959  Vacuum tubes  Magnetic drum and magnetic tape difficult to program used machine language and assembly language 
Second  1959 - 1963  Transistors  Magnetic cores and magnetic disk used high-level languages and were easier to program 
Third  1963 - 1975  Integrated circuit  Minicomputer accessible by multiple users from remote terminals  
Fourth  1975 - present  VLSI and microprocessor chip  Personal computer and user-friendly microprocessor programs very high-level language chip object-oriented programming (OOP) 

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