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Developing and Using Standards for Data and Information in Science and Technology

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Title: Developing and Using Standards for Data and Information in Science and Technology


1
Developing and Using Standards for Data and
Information in Science and Technology
  • John Rumble, Jr.
  • Bonnie Carroll
  • Gail Hodge
  • Laura Bartolo

2
The Reason for Standards
  • Economic Savings in time, money, other resources

3
The Reason for Standards
  • Economic Savings in time, money and other
    resources
  • Intellectual superiority of a solution

4
The Reason for Standards
  • Economic Savings in time, money and other
    resources
  • Intellectual superiority of a solution
  • Codification and communication of knowledge

5
The Reason for Standards
  • Economic Savings in time, money and other
    resources
  • Intellectual superiority of a solution
  • Codification and communication of knowledge
  • Description of a structure of knowledge,
    methodology, data or information

6
The Reason for Standards
  • Economic Savings in time, money and other
    resources
  • Intellectual superiority of a solution
  • Codification and communication of knowledge
  • Description of a structure of knowledge,
    methodology, data or information
  • Accuracy in description

7
Use of Standards for ST Data and Information
  • Data Generation
  • Database building
  • Data evaluation
  • Database use
  • Data reporting
  • Data access
  • Data archiving
  • Data exploitation
  • Data visualization
  • Capturing results conditions
  • Schema input uniformity
  • Assess quality comparison
  • Retrieval interoperability
  • Understandability
  • Locating cross-DB use
  • What and how stored
  • Input into apps auto-retrieval
  • Inspection and analysis

8
Standards
  • We want them!

9
Standards
  • We want them!
  • Why are they so hard to get?

10
Barriers to Greater Progress
  • Nomenclature
  • Linguistic
  • Socio-economic
  • Technical

11
Nomenclature
  • ST nomenclature arises from history
  • Geography, education, scientific circle,
    language, conceptual differences, rivalry
  • How many areas of science have competing
    nomenclatures?

12
Nomenclature
  • Scientific knowledge evolves over time
  • What is appropriate to describe a substance,
    system or species yesterday is obsolete today
  • In science, increased knowledge is expressed as
    independent variables and how exactly they affect
    something

13
Nomenclature
  • Scientific knowledge evolves over time
  • What is appropriate to describe a substance,
    system or species yesterday is obsolete today
  • In science, increased knowledge is expressed as
    independent variables and how exactly they affect
    something
  • The concept of a gene has changed since Gregor
    Mendel
  • The explosion of variables used to describe it
  • From the chromosomes on which it is located to
    the base pair sequence

14
Nomenclature
  • Scientific knowledge evolves over time
  • Experimental Science routinely express our
    increase of knowledge as new independent
    variables (IVs)
  • Observation Science We usually catalog features
    instead of IVs will change over time
  • Computed Science Virtually no effort to preserve
    on the basis of IVs

15
Linguistic
  • Beyond nomenclature, scientific language evolves
  • Exactly as with everyday language
  • New words, changes of meaning, regionalization,
    prefixes and suffixes grammar
  • Scientific languages follow the rule of
    linguistics

16
Linguistic
  • Beyond nomenclature, scientific language evolves
  • Exactly as with everyday language
  • New words, changes of meaning, regionalization,
    prefixes and suffixes grammar
  • Scientific languages follow the rule of
    linguistics
  • Change increases at intersection of disciplines
  • Creole languages
  • Language of quantum chemistry comes from
    chemistry (bonding) and atomic and molecular
    physics
  • Mixed language differs from each field

17
Socio-Economic
  • Typical scientific practice hinders standards
  • Competitiveness
  • Striving for uniqueness
  • Constant clarification
  • Reluctance to repeat past experiments
  • Desire to use new techniques
  • My way should be the standard way!
  • Lack of economic motivation to create or use
    standards

18
Socio-Economic
  • Basically physicists are too undisciplined to
    let anyone else tell us what to name something.
    Its basically whatever name catches on.
  • Gordon Kane (U. Michigan) as quoted in the New
    York Times

19
Technical
  • Science is moving from reductionism to complexity
  • Real systems are complicated
  • Contain many parts, components, items
  • Large number of properties
  • Larger number of independent variables
  • Consider standards for describing
  • 6x109 people
  • Countless objects in space
  • 1023 to 1028 molecules in a system
  • Millions of flora and fauna species

20
Making Progress on Standards
  • With understanding comes knowledge
  • The barriers just discussed can be overcome
  • Understanding the dynamic nature of ST data and
    information is the key
  • Possible approaches
  • Modeling
  • Creating tiers
  • Allowing change
  • Self-definition
  • Allowing change

21
Modeling
  • Making better use of information modeling
  • Formal tools are rarely used
  • Too much is definitional entities and attributes
  • Relationships and dependencies are often
    overlooked
  • Very labor intensive especially if bringing
    together different points of view
  • Leads to stronger standards capable of being
    altered over time

22
Creating Tiers
  • Not all data and information need be at the same
    level
  • Core (prescriptive) Those items without which
    data and information is useless as few as
    possible
  • Suggestive (Descriptive) Those items that if
    reported, should be reported in a certain manner
  • Other (Self-defining) Ways to report other items

23
Creating Tiers
  • Not all data and information need be at the same
    level
  • Core (prescriptive) Those items without which
    data and information is useless as few as
    possible
  • Suggestive (Descriptive) Those items that if
    reported, should be reported in a certain manner
  • Other (Self-defining) Ways to report other items
  • Recognizing goals of system description
    equivalency and uniqueness

24
Creating Tiers
  • Not all data and information need be at the same
    level
  • Core (prescriptive) Those items without which
    data and information is useless as few as
    possible
  • Suggestive (Descriptive) Those items that if
    reported, should be reported in a certain manner
  • Other (Self-defining) Ways to report other items
  • Recognizing goals of system description
    equivalency and uniqueness
  • Classifying independent variables global and
    varying

25
Allowing Change
  • Must allow for addition of new information
    (metadata)
  • Decomposing an independent variable into two or
    more components
  • Adding new independent variables
  • Anticipating discovery of new knowledge
  • Standard developers are very reluctant to
    consider change

26
Self-Defining
  • Language change and knowledge expansion over time
    decades and longer must be recognized
  • Including meaning with content increases chance
    that content can be interpreted correctly at a
    later date

27
Allowing Change
  • What is the goal of a ST data and information
    standard?
  • Is it to establish a correct way of doing
    something?
  • Or is it a way to facilitate communicating a
    result generated at a certain time under certain
    circumstances?
  • Scientific knowledge continues to grow
  • Todays knowledge will likely become obsolete and
    be replaced
  • We want to preserve what we saw in the world when
    we saw it!

28
Standards and Preservation
  • Preservation supports
  • Documenting how we did science at one time
  • Future scientific discovery
  • Standards are critical for using the preserved
    record
  • We must understand better how standards interact
    with the dynamic nature of science to make them
    useful
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