The role of induced mutation using nuclear techniques in crop improvement

1
The role of induced mutation using nuclear
techniques in crop improvement

• Prof. Dr. Abdel Shafy Ibrahim Ragab
• Atomic Energy Authority
• Nuclear Research Center
• Plant Research Department

2

• Mutation can be briefly defined as a sudden
  heritable change in the DNA of a living cell, not
  caused by the common phenomena of genetic
  segregation or genetic recombination.
• Mutations are the ultimate source of the genetic
  variance and development of plant species. They
  provide the new materials upon which other
  factors of evolution act. And therefore all new
  species ultimately arise from mutations. The
  mutagenesis followed by recombination of genes
  and chromosome and by natural selection is the
  fundamental force in evolution. Although, it
  happened at the very low rate (one/million), the
  improvements in different crops are due to
  spontaneous mutations. The rate of spontaneous
  mutations is differed for different species,
  varieties for each species, and traits for each
  verity.
• Therefore, the breeders used nuclear techniques
  for induced mutations aiming to not completely
  depend on the nature as the only source for
  variation. Mutations are of interest in two
  different ways. They provide us with new starting
  materials (or budding blocks) for the identifying
  new genes for studying the nature of genes and
  their way of controlling biochemical pathway.

3
Mutation breeding Tracer techniques both
Applications of nuclear techniques in plant
breeding
Cross Breeding(using mutants)
Mutation induction
Genetic variation
Genetic Engineering
Tissue culture
Selection
Gene Mapping
Biochemical andDNA Marker
Disease and PestResistance
Nitrogen Fixation
Environmental and Soil Conditions
Yield
4

• Achievements of mutation breeding made worldwide
• The use of mutation techniques for generating and
  selecting desired genetic variation in different
  crop species has significantly increased over the
  past fifty years, more than 2600 mutant varieties
  have been officially released (Kang et al 2007)
  of these 60 were released from 1985 onward

5
Fig.2 Cumulative number of officially released
mutant varieties
1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991
1996 2001 2006
6
Fig. 3 Mutant varieties
7
Fig.4 Mutant varietiesCrops-1700 of total 2252
accessions (2000)
8
Fig.5 Mutant varietiesCrops-1700 of total 2252
accessions (2000)
9
Fig.6 Mutant varietiesCereals-1072 of 1700
accessions (2000)
10
Fig.7 Mutant varietiesTotal -2252 accessions
11
Fig.9 Mutant varietiesTotal-1589 direct mutant
varieties
12
Fig. 10 Mutant varieties Total- 1589 direct
mutant varietiesMutagens- radiation
13
Table .1 Characters induced by mutations
Rice-434 of 1700 accessions
No. of mutant varieties Character
165 earliness
165 Semidwarfness
145 yield
98 blast/disease tolerance
79 grain/cooking quality
49 tillering
25 tallness
23 cold tolerance
22 adaptability
17 glutinous endosperm
10 salinity tolerance
14
Table 2.Improved quality characters
Crop Mutant cultivars Quality character
lupin, white lupin 7 alkaloid content
rice, millet 12 amylose content
sweet pepper 1 beta carotene cont.
barley 8 brewing and malting q.
buck wheat, cassava, millet, rice 6 cooking quality
jute 1 fiber yield
apple, grapefruit, green pepper, ind. Jujmbe, loqust, pench, pepper, sweet cherry, tomato 12 fruit (colour, quality, morphology, ripening
barley, black gram, millet, pea, rice, sorghum, wheat 37 grain (colour, morpholgy., quality, weight)
barley, subterranean d. 2 favovonids cont.
sugareane 1 juice quality
bermuda grass, tobacco 6 leaf (colour, quality)
cowpea 1 nutritional value
15
Table 3. Improved quality characters
Crop Mutant cultivars Quality character
caster bean, citronella, flax/linseed, mustard, rage seed, soybean, sunflower 16 oil content
flax, hop, peppermint, rapeseed, sesame 6 oil quality
fababean, maize, sesame, wheat 6 protein content
common bean, groundnut, lentil, mungbean, oriental mustard, pea, pigeon pea, sesame, soybean, wheat 38 seed (colour, quality, size)
Pea 1 seed skin quality
orange/mandarin, grapefruit 3 seedless
maize, wheat 2 silage quality
Potato 2 skin colour
sweet potato 2 starch content
  170 TOTAL
16
Table 4.Drought tolerance induced by mutations (6
of 1700 accessions
Number Crop Number Crops
1 alfalfa 25 Wheat
1 Eggplant 9 Soybean
1 Grass pea 9 Millet
1 Groundnut 4 Barley
1 Mungbean 4 Rice
1 Pea 2 Cotton
1 Pigonpea 1 Amaranth
17
Table 5. Economic impact of mutant varieties
    Country Crops
      Cereals
US 16.9 billion Total crop value at farm gate for the period 1989-98 Thailand Rice
10.6 million ha Cumulative planted area between 1986-1994 China
US 937 million Total crop value 1997 Japan
US 1.748 million Annual crop value India  
US 87.1 million Additional income to farmers during 1991-99 Pakistan Bread wheat
US 1.8 billion Additional income to farmers during 1983-93 Italy Durum wheat
US 417 million Crop value (1977-2001) UK-Scotland Barely
2.86 billion ha Area planted in 1972 Numerous European countries
    Numerous European countries  
      Legumes
US 9.6 million Additional annual income to the growers Pakistan Chickpea
US 258 million Value of increased production in season 1998-1999 India, Black gram (urdbean)
      Oil and industrial crops
US 3 billion Total value of crop from 1983-1993 Pakistan Cotton
50.000 ha Grown USA Sunflower
      Fruit tree
US 50 million Additional annual income to the growers Japan Japanese pear
7.300 ha(75 of total area Grown area (year 2000) USA, Taxas Grapefruit
18
ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN EGYPT

• Realizing the potential of induced mutations
  using nuclear techniques for the improvement of
  crop plants, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority,
  initiated crop mutation breeding programs in the
  early 1970s.
• The objective to increase seed yield and economic
  value by incorporating disease and insect
  resistance, better quality traits, shorter growth
  duration, resistant to drought and salinity, less
  water requirements.
• Significant achievements were obtained more than
  10 mutant varieties were developed.
• In sesame, three mutant varieties were released
  as commercial varieties named Taka1, Taka2 and
  Taka3 since 2000 year.
• These varieties characterized with high seed
  production, early maturity, lower water
  requirement, maturity homogenous suitable for
  mechanical harvesting, better seed quality.

19
ACHIEVEMTNS MADE IN EGYPT

• In chickpea, one mutant variety named Inshas10
  was released as commercial variety since 2004 and
  characterized with high seed production, large
  seed, resistant to wilt disease.
• In rice, two mutant varieties were developed and
  submitted to General preeminent committee for
  registration belong to the ministry of
  Agriculture since 2005. These mutants
  characterized with high seed yield, tolerance to
  drought.
• In safflower, two mutant varieties were developed
  and submitted to General preeminent committee for
  registration belong to the ministry of
  Agriculture since 2005. These mutants
  characterized with high seed yield, spinless,
  high oil content and quality.
• In flax, two mutant varieties were developed and
  submitted to the General preeminent committee for
  registration belong to the ministry of
  Agriculture since 2005. These mutants
  characterized with high seed yield, tall fiber.
• In addition to some promising mutants in wheat
  are still under evaluation

20
????? ???? ??????
21
???? 8 ??? ??? ??????
22
???? 12 ???? ??????
23
3 ???? ????????? ???????
24
3 ???? ????????? ???????
25
???? 3 ???? ?????? 8 ??? ???
26
(No Transcript)
27
???? ???????? ?? 3 ????
28
???? ???????? ?? 3 ???? ??? ?????? ?????
29
3 ???? 8 ??? ???
30
???? 3 ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????
31
(No Transcript)
32
3 ???? ???? ???????
33
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????
34
3 ???? ?????
35
3 ???? ?????? ?? ????
36
???? 3 ???? ?????
37
?????? ?????? ????? ??????
38
?????? ?????? ????? ??????
39
???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????
40
???? ?????? ???????
41
??? ?????? ???? 3 ????
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
???? ??? ?????? ???? 3 ????