Diatoms and Dinoflagellates

1
Diatoms and Dinoflagellates

• Lecture 11

2
Fan-Shaped Phylogenetic Tree
3
Phytoplankton

• Unicells
• Filamentous
• Colonies chains, or spheres

4
Algal pigments
5
Cocco, Dino, Diatom Overview

• Shell, Wood, or Glass Houses armor the cell
  and protect from predation/environ
• Coccos are small open ocean
• Dinos are warmer waters/summer
• Diatoms are cooler waters/winter
• Diatoms are the grass of the sea and the
  estuary

6
Coccolithophores

• Division Haptophyta Prymnesiophyta
• 500 spp extant, many more fossil spp
• 0.2 2 mm diameter (pico nanno)
• Biflagellate or coccoid unicells
• Cell wall of calcareous scales
• Chl a c carotenoids
• Warm and tropical
• Emiliania huxleyi

7
B.
coccolithophores
shell house

• Very small cells (2-20um)
• Calcified scales armor cell

Major group of open ocean phytoplankton
http//oceanography.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD5.2/qdh
ome-5.2.html
8
Some Coccolithophores
Prymnesiales
Isochrysidales
Coccosphaerales
Pavlovales
9
Calcidiscus
Emiliania huxleyi
Pontosphaera
10
Diatoms

• Division Heterokontophyta, Class
  Bacillariophyceae
• 1400-1800 spp marine, gt100000 spp total
• 2um-2mm (nanno - netplankton)
• Unicellular, often in colonies
• Cell wall siliceous
• Chl a, c, B-carotene, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin,
  diadinoxanthin
• Centric (plankton) vs Pennate (benthic,
  epiphytic)
• Temperate and cold waters

11
(No Transcript)
12
Ecological roles

• Marine phytoplankton
• Periphyton (aufwuchs)
• Grow on plants (epiphytes), rocks (epilithic),
  sand grains (epipelic), or on sediments
  (epipsammic)
• grass of the sea 20-25 of global primary
  production.
• REQUIRE SILICON
• Well represented in fossil record diatomaceous
  earth

13
Falkowski Raven 2007
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
Cell wall reproduction

• Frustule upper epitheca, lower hypotheca
• Girdle divides the two thecae
• Bilateral, radial, or irregular symmetry
• Asex cell division parental theca is new
  epitheca, results in succesive size reduction of
  1 of the 2 daughter lines.
• Size increase by swelling after sex. gamete
  production -gt auxospore (resting cyst). Happens
  when cell lt1/3 of original size.

17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
Pleurosigma
BENTHIC CELLS NEAR SHORE
OCEANIC CELLS OFF SHORE
Diatoms are extremely important primary
producersgrass of the sea!
20
Or Centrales (Biddulphiales)

• Centric diatoms planktonic
• 3 suborders
• Coscinodiscineae (8 families) Thalassiosira,
  Skeletonema, Melosira, Coscinodiscus
• Rhizosoleniineae (1 family) Rhizosolenia,
  Pseudosolenia
• Biddulphiineae (5 families) Chaetoceras,
  Lithodesmium, Odontella

21
(No Transcript)
22
Or Pennales (Bacillariales)

• Pennate diatoms benthic
• Raphe fissure along apical axis. Used for
  locomotion cytoplasm acts as a belt moving cell
  forward.
• 2 suborders
• Fragilariineae araphid (4 families)
  Striatella, Fragilaria, Thalassionema,
  Thalassiothrix
• Bacillarineae raphid (4 families) Navicula,
  Bacillaria, Nitzschia, Pseudo-nitzschia

http//www.dnr.state.md.us/bay/cblife/algae/diatom
/index.html
23
(No Transcript)
24
EpiphyticPennateDiatoms
25

• Sullivan, MJ, CA Montcreiff, AE Daehnick 1991.
  Primary Production Dynamics of Epiphytic Algae in
  Mississippi Seagrass Beds. MASGC-91-009
• Sullivan, MJ, CA Montcreiff 1993. Trophic
  Importance of Epiphytic Algae in Mississippi
  Seagrass Beds. MASGP-92-018
• Sullivan, MJ, DJ Wear 1996. Effects of
  Water-Column Enrichment on the Production
  Dynamics of 3 Seagrass Species and their
  Epiphytic Algae. MASGP-93-023

26
(No Transcript)
27
Sawgrass Diatoms
Mangrove Diatoms
  
 
     
   
 
      
http//serc.fiu.edu/periphyton/
28
Dinoflagellates

• Division Pyrrhophyta Dinophyta
• 2000 spp
• Sizes 10um-1mm
• Biflagellate unicellular, some filaments
• Cell has thecal plates (upper lower)
• Chl a, c B-carotene, peridinin, diadinoxanthin,
  fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin
• Red tides (HABs) ciguatera
• Pfisteria hysteria
• Zooxanthellae in Corals/Anemones
• Warmer seas and/or summer blooms

29
(No Transcript)
30
Ecological roles

• Oceanic and estuarine phytoplankton
• Protists that captured brown algal symbionts
• Autotrophs, auxotrophs (req vitamins),
  heterotrophs (gt50 spp)! -gt phageotrophic (ingest
  organisms) and parasitic (feed off host)
• Produce potent neurotoxins Red tides, ciguatera,
  paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
• Zooxanthellae symbiotic in corals, jellyfish,
  protists (forams, ciliates, radiolarians)

31
(No Transcript)
32
Flagellae and Cell walls

• Desmokont 2 anterior flagellae
• Dinokont 2 flagellae in grooves transverse
  tinsel flagellum in cingulum, posterior flagellum
  in sulcus.
• Move in forward corkscrew motion at 1-2m hr-1
• Upper epitheca, lower hypotheca. Shedding of
  theca ecdysis. Regrows second half of same size
  (no decreasing size series).
• Theca of polysaccharide plates (cellulose,
  mannose, galactose) and membranes.

33
C.
Prorocentrum minimum
Dinokont cell
Desmokont cell
34
Taxonomy of Dinos

• Steidinger (1997)
• 13 orders
• Prorocentrales
• Dinophysiales
• Gymnodiniales
• Suessiales
• Ptychodiscales
• Noctilucales
• Lophodiniales
• Brachydiniales
• Gonyaulacales
• Peridiniales
• Blastodiniales
• Syndiniales
• Phytodiniales

• Van den Hoek (1995)
• 12 orders
• Gymnodiniales
• Gloeodiniales
• Thoracosphaerales
• Phytodiniales
• Dinotrichales
• Dinameobidales
• Noctilucales
• Blastodiniales
• Syndiniales
• Peridiniales
• Dinophysiales
• Prorocentrales

8 of 12/13 orders are same
35
(No Transcript)
36
Order Gymnodiniales

• Unarmored dinokont cell with distinct cingulum
  and sulcus.
• 3 families
• Gymnodinium (200spp), Polykrikos
  (5spp),Warnowia (25 spp)

37
Order Suessiales (Gymnodiniales)

• Coccoid cells living as symbionts. Thinly
  armored, transitional between naked and
  armoured cells
• 1 fossil 1 extant family
• Symbiodinium (25spp)
• S. microadriaticum

38
Order Dinamoebidales

• Free-living amoeboid stage alternates with
  non-motile coccoid stage.
• Dinamoebidium
• Pfisteria

39
Order Noctilucales

• Large free-living unarmored cells, many vacuoles,
  flagella reduced or absent
• 3 families
• Kofoidinium (5 spp), Leptodiscus (5
  spp),Noctiluca (1 sp)

http//dinos.anesc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/plankton/list.htm
40
Order Peridiniales

• Armored dinokonts or varied form. Plate
  tabulation is diagnostic.
• May include Or Gonyaulacales
• Protoperidinium (250 spp), Ceratium (125 spp),
  Gonyaulax (100 spp), Gambierdiscus toxicus

41
Order Dinophysales

• Laterally flattened cells with dinokont flagellar
  orientation and premedian cingulum.
• 3 families
• Amphisolenia (50spp), Dinophysis
  (100spp),Phalacroma (100 spp)

42
Order Prorocentrales

• Armored, biflagellate cells with desmokont
  (anterior) flagellar insertion. No cingulum or
  sulcus
• 1 family Prorocentrum(50spp), Mesoporos (10spp)

43
Dino life cycles
44
Toxic Marine Dinos

• Only about 60 of 2000 species
• Most are photosynthetic estuarine/neritic (near
  shore) forms
• Probably produce benthic, sexual resting stages
  (cysts)
• Capable of producing blooms or single spp
  exclude other plankton
• Bioactive water- or lipid-soluble chemicals that
  are cytolytic, hemolytic, hepatotoxic, or
  neurotoxic

45
GoM K. brevis monitoring
September 12, 1995 at North Lido Beach
http//isurus.mote.org/pederson/phyto_ecol.phtml
46
http//www.cop.noaa.gov/stressors/extremeevents/ha
b/welcome.html
http//www.ncddc.noaa.gov/habsos/Mapping/
47
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB)

• Blooms of marine algae which produce
• Toxic effects to organisms (and humans)
• Physical impairment of fish/shellfish
• Nuisance conditions from odor, discoloration
• Severe oxygen depletion or benthic overgrowth
• GEOHAB and ECOHAB programs

http//www.cop.noaa.gov/stressors/extremeevents/ha
b/current/fact-ecohab.html
48
Phytoplankton Monitoring Network

• http//www.chbr.noaa.gov/PMN/index.htm
• Sample every 2 weeks using a 20um net for 3
  minutes.
• Identify cells at 100x under microscope
• Record number in approx 1ml sample on gridded
  microscope slide.
• Enter data to online database.

49
Dinoflagellates
Diatoms
50
http//www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid11913tid282cid
40526
51
Diatoms and Dinos at GCRL
52
Major HAB-related events in the United States
                                               
     
53
Types of HAB events

• Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) caused by
  Gymnodinium breve Karenia brevis along GoM
  coasts
• Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) caused by
  Alexandrium spp in New England, Pacific (northern
  CA Canada, Alaska)
• Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) caused by
  Pseudo-nitzschia (NW, Atl and GoM)

54
harmful algal bloom map of the united states
         
55
Ciguatera (fish poisoning)

• illness caused by eating tropical fish that
  contain toxins bioaccumulated from benthic dino
  Gambierdiscus toxicus
• may experience nausea, vomiting, and neurologic
  symptoms such as tingling fingers or toes.
• may find that cold things feel hot and hot things
  feel cold.
• Symptoms usually go away in days or weeks but can
  last for years.

http//www.cdc.gov/nceh/ciguatera/default.htm
56
Pfisteria life-cycle Litaker et al 2002
http//www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/niehs/science/pf
iesteriacontent.htm
http//www.vims.edu/pfiesteria/Biblio.html
http//www.cals.ncsu.edu/botany/Faculty/jburkholde
r/jburkholder.html
http//www.newsobserver.com/102/story/428625.html
57
Neuse River, NC
58
Assessing Eutrophication Dynamics Neuse River
Modeling and Monitoring Program
(ModMon)www.marine.unc.edu/neuse/modmon
59
N loading and algal production in the Neuse R.
Estuary
Floyd ? ? ?
60
Algal production The fuel for Hypoxia in the
Neuse R. Estuary
61
Seasonal hypoxia, anoxia and fish kills in the
Neuse R. Estuary
62
Pfisteria or low DO and fungi?
The NC Hog Industry The Smell Of Money 10 Mio
Hogs in 1998 in Neuse Basin!
You decide