THM413: Sustainable Tourism Tools and Measurement for sustainable tourism

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THM413 Sustainable TourismTools and Measurement
for sustainable tourism

• Lesson 8 Objectives
• Understand in detail the tool and measurement
  criteria's for sustainable tourism
• Understand Agenda 21 and why it is important for
  the hospitality industry
• Possible exam questions

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Tools and Measurement

• According to Mowforth and Munt (1997) the
  following tools are very important for
  sustainable tourism
• Area protection
• Industry regulations
• Visitor management techniques
• Environmental impact assessments
• Carrying capacity calculations
• Consultation and participation techniques
• Code of conduct
• Use of sustainability indicators

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1. Area Protection

• National Park
• Wildlife reserves
• Biosphere reserves
• Country parks
• Biological reserves
• Areas of outstanding beauty (AONBs)
• Sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs)
• Fashionable ideas, but requires funding and
  capital to work
• Such ideas can drive out locals and in fact lose
  their livelihoods

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2. Industry regulation

• Government legislation
• National governments business practice
• Local governments planning restrictions
• Professional association regulation
• Articles required in order to be a member
• International regulation and control
• International agreements and guideleines
• Voluntary self-regulation

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3. Visitor Management Techniques

• Zoning
• Honey pots
• Visitor dispersion
• Channeled visitor flow
• Restricted entry
• Vehicle restriction
• Differential pricing structures

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4. Environmental Impact Assessment

• Environmental auditing procedures
• Research on what is located in the area at
  present
• Limitations to natural resources
• E.G. Water supply
• Environmental problems and conflicts that may
  affect project viability
• How much water is available? And is the
  infrastructure reliable
• Possible effects to people, flora and fauna,
  soil, water, air, peace and quiet, landscapes,
  cultural sites etc,

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Continued

• The EIA process
• proposed development Environment policy
• Site selection
• Pre-feasibility study
• Detailed EIA
• Feasibility study
• Modification to proposal to minimize effects
• Project physical planning and design
• Implementation of environmental protection
  measures
• Project implementation
• Environmental monitoring
• Project monitoring and evaluation

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5. Carrying capacity calculations

• Physical carrying capacity
• Ecological carrying capacity
• Social carrying capacity
• Environmental carrying capacity
• Limits of acceptable change

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6. Consultation/ participation techniques

• Regular meetings
• Public attitudes surveys
• Stated preference surveyed

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7. Codes of conduct

• For the tourist
• For the industry
• For the hosts
• Host governments
• Host communities

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Continued .

• Codes of Conduct for Tour Operators
• Guidelines for tour operators working in
  environmentally-sensitive areas
• 1. Make Tourism and Conservation Compatiblet
• 2. Support the Preservation of Wilderness and
  Biodiversity
• 3. Use Natural Resources in a Sustainable Way
• 4. Minimize Consumption, Waste and Pollution
• 5. Respect Local Cultures
• 6. Respect Historic and Scientific Sites
• 7. Communities Should Benefit from Tourism
• 8. Educate Staff
• 9. Make Your Trip an Opportunity to Learn
• 10. Follow Safety Rules
• Source WWF International Arctic Programme

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8. Sustainability indicators

• Resource use
• Waste
• Pollution
• Local production
• Access to basic human needs
• Access to facilities
• Freedom from violence and oppression
• Access to the decision making process
• Diversity of natural and cultural life

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Agenda 21

• Important document agreed at the Earth Summit in
  Rio de Janeiro in 1992
• Act to protect environments
• Idea is to develop sustainable areas
• Create awareness, develop societies, develop
  economies by focusing on conservation and
  preservation of environments and natural resources

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Agenda 21, principles

• Blueprint of sustainability in the 21st century
• Provides options for combating the deterioration
  of land, air, water
• Deals with poverty, over consumption, health and
  education
• Promotes roles for all
• Encourages the reduction of negative impacts on
  destinations

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Possible exam questions

• Describe in detail the tools and measurement
  criteria's for sustainable tourism
• Describe and explain Agenda 21