Chapter 8-4 Tourism Sustainable Development

1
Chapter 8-4Tourism Sustainable Development
2
Learning Objectives

• Explain the three major economic impacts of
  tourism on destination areas and how these
  impacts are measured
• Describe the strategies to maximize the economic
  impact of tourism and how tourisms role in
  economic development can be analyzed.
• Discuss the potentially negative social and
  cultural impacts of tourism on destination areas.
• Identify the positive social and cultural impacts
  that may result from tourism.
• Describe the potentially negative environmental
  impacts of tourism on destination areas.
• Identify the positive environmental impacts that
  may result from tourism.
• Explain the principles of sustainable tourism
  development.

3
Three Major Economic Impacts of Tourism

• Increasing foreign exchange earnings
• Increasing income
• Increasing employment

4
Strategies for Maximizing the Economic Impact of
Tourism

• Encouraging import substitution
• Implementing incentive programs
• Dealing with multinational companies

5
Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism

• Damage to family structures and subsistence food
  production.
• Displacement of local people to make way for
  airports, resorts, nature reserves, historical
  and other attraction sites, and other tourism
  development projects.
• Encouragement of behaviors such as begging,
  touting, and other harassment of visitors.

6
Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism

• Encouragement of urbanization and emigration.
• Friction and resentment between local people and
  visitors because of overcrowding and lack of
  access for residents to recreational areas and
  facilities.
• Increase in health risks through diseases such as
  AIDS, malaria, hepatitis, and influenza.

7
Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of
Tourism

• Increase in drug abuse and prostitution.
• Open antagonism and crimes against visitors.
• Commercialization of traditional welcome and
  hospitality customs.
• Loss of cultural identity.
• Overcrowding and damage to archaeological and
  historical sites and monuments.

8
Positive Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism

• May encourage attempts to keep culture and
  traditions alive.
• Traditional ways and goods may be restored
  because visitors are interested and are willing
  buyers of these.
• Festivals staged for visitors help to keep local
  cultures alive.

9
Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of
Tourism

• Changes of land use.
• Congestion and air pollution.
• Contribution to worldwide environmental problems.
• Deterioration and disturbance of the natural
  ecology.
• Deterioration of archaeological, historical,
  architectural, and natural sites.

10
Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of
Tourism

• Impacts of foot traffic.
• Pollution of beaches, lakes, rivers, and
  underground water.
• Visual clutter.
• Insufficient utility service capacities.

11
Positive Environmental Impacts of Tourism

• Greater protection of specific ecosystems.
• More control of harmful economic activities such
  as logging and commercial fishing.
• Part of visitor expenditures may be reinvested in
  research and better conservation programs.
• Greater understanding among local residents of
  environmental issues.

12
Principles of Sustainable Tourism Development

• Ecological sustainability
• Social and cultural sustainability
• Economic sustainability

13
Sustainable tourism development

• Three main principles (McIntyre, 1993)
• Ecological sustainability
• Social and cultural sustainability
• Economic sustainability

14
Relationship between the 3 factors
Economic Development and sociocultural protection
Economic growth Private profit Market expansion
Conservationism
Ecological process Biological diversity Biological
resources Carrying capacity
Local self-reliance Social accountability Strength
en community identity
STD
Ecological sustainability
Social and cultural sustainability
Deep ecology
http//www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html
15
Ecological Sustainability
16
Tourism-related consumption has three stages of
impact

• First, prior to departure, tourists purchase
  travel-related clothing and equipment.
• Second, when tourists travel long distances to
  tourist destinations, they create considerable
  atmospheric pollution and other impacts on the
  global environment.
• Third, upon arrival at the tourist destination,
  tourists often continue their accustomed habits
  of consumption

17
Other impact environment activities

• high altitude emissions from long distance air
  travel
• Marine dumping of wastes from cruise ships
• little public information is available on the
  environmental and social impacts of long distance
  travel

18
Consequences

• Degradation of local water and soil quality into
  a vicious circle
• Reduced access by local residents to land,
  housing and marine resources

19
Solutions

• Green tourism eco-tourism
• Solutions to tourism-related pollution in the
  travel and tourism industry are technologically
  available.
• The industry has every opportunity to institute
  voluntary initiatives and self-regulation to
  address green tourism advocates and those calling
  for government regulation.
• The establishment of formal environmental
  management systems (EMSs) in each business
  establishment

20
Solutions continue

• The establishment of waste reduction programs
• Appropriate waste management systems and
  infrastructure
• National governments and tourism businesses
  maintaining

21
Organizations for ecological sustainability

• Green Globe is a global benchmarking,
  certification and management system that is based
  on Agenda 21 and principles of sustainable
  development endorsed by 182 Heads of State at the
  United Nations Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit. It
  provides companies and communities with a path to
  sustainable travel and tourism.

22
KLIA. THE WORLDS FIRST ENVIRONMENTALLY -
FRIENDLY AIRPORTGreen Globe 21 Certification
2004,2005,2006
23
The airport is characterized by

• a) an architectural concept of a symbiosis of
  buildings and nature
• b) eco-airport features that seek to preserve and
  foster the local eco-system
• c) the commitment to co-exist harmoniously with
  the surrounding community

24
Cultural Sustainablility ----Positive ----Negati
ve
25
1. Improve globalization

• A better understanding between different
  civilizations
• Introduce the local traditions to the world
• Achieve the up-to-date theory and technology

26
2. Boost the national confidence

• Regain the respect of many marginalized
  traditions
• Lead many traditions to their 2nd blooming

27
1. Impact the local community

• Disrupt the original lifestyle.
• The different cultural background may result in a
  misunderstanding between visitors local
  community.
• Leading to the increasing rate of crime, decrease
  the public morality.

28
2. Impact the traditions

• Assimilation Process of assimilating or being
  assimilated. (Oxford Advanced Learners
  English-Chinese Dictionary)
• Vulgarization Process of becoming vulgar,
  reduce the profound meanings of traditions.
• Commercialization More and more people tend to
  treat traditions with an attitude of making
  profit.

29
3. Damage the historical heritages

• According to the USA website www.MSNBC.com,
  under the destruction of improper tourism
  developing, the Great Wall is disappearing at a
  daily-growing speed. Without effective
  protection, we wont see it in the next century.

30
Solutions

• See traditions in the light of development
• Keep the essence, discard the dross
• Treat cultural differences with acceptance
• Education
• Emphasize the importance of treasuring the
  heritages
• Cultivate experts, protect the historical sites
  with up-to-date theory
• Balance the development and protection

31

• Economic Sustainability

32
Positive Effects Negative Effects
Increasing foreign exchange earnings Leakage
Increasing income Enclave tourism (cruise line)
Increasing employment Infrastructure costs
Stimulation of infrastructure development Increase in prices
Economic dependence of the local community on tourism
Seasonal character of jobs
Other industry impacts affecting tourism (economic crises)
33
Encouraging Import Substitution
34
Implementing Incentive Programs
Cause an inflow of capital to develop the tourism
destination mix
35
Problems Issues
36
A Destination Should
Examine the performance of other countries incentive programs in light of their resources and development objectives
Research the actual needs of investors
Design codes of investment concessions related to specific development objectives, with precise requirements of the investors
Establish targets of achievement and periodically monitor and assess the level of realization of such targets
37
Dealing with Multinational Tourism Companies
When the tourism has developed , the opportunity
has arisen for the global expansion of large
tourism companies. These multinational companies
have been criticized for operating to benefit
their own profitability at the expense of
destination areas. And most multinational tourism
companies have their head offices in the most
developed countries. But those kind of companies
usually generate lower foreign exchange receipts
than do local hotels
38
Limited Job Opportunities
Those multinational companies usually employ more
professional managers rather than the local
people. But some management contracts say that
three to five years the management team must be
made up of locals. At this points , the
destination can really benefit from the foreign
owned companies.
39
Charter Issue
Visitors prefer to travel by an airline of their
country of origin rather than by the airline of
the destination country for the quality and
safety issue. So sometimes the lease of aircraft
from developed countries is necessary ,
especially for developing countries
40
Tour Operators
Tour operators can influence the destination a
lot . So if destination areas become totally
dependent on foreign tour operators , they risk
losing control of tourism development, and also
foreign exchange revenues may suffer. In
addition, by dealing with operators who
specialize in smaller but more specialized
markets, there is more chance that local inbound
operators will be used.
41
Foreign Currency
Some countries have limited the amount of their
own currency that visitors can bring into and
take out to ensure that foreign currency is used
to pay bills within the destination. Some
destinations may have some strict requirements of
currency to the visitors. And also some
requirements about currencies for the foreign
tour operators.
42
Coopetition
The definition of coopetition is the need for
cooperation among tourism destinations in order
to better market the tourism product effectively
and meet the competition at the regional or
global level.
43
Co-opetition
Coop- etition
Figure1.2 Venn diagram of two small communities
practicing coopetition
Figure1.1 Venn diagram of government, business
and non-profit coopetition
44
Economic Analysis Methods
45
Cost /Benefit Analysis -------A technique used to
determine which economic sector produces the most
benefit in terms of foreign exchange , employment
, taxes , or income generated relative to the
costs of development. Disadvantage the
results of cost/benefit analysis are too
dependent on the appropriateness of its
assumptions. It is not possible to check actual
performance against prediction.
46
Structural Analysis As growth occurs, long-term
economic changes can be tracked through
structural analysis. There are three different
processes must be studied (1) Accumulation
processes( investment, government revenue,
education) (2) Resource allocation process(
structure of domestic demand, production and
trade) (3) Demographic and distribution process
( labor allocation , urbanization, demographic
transition, income distribution)
47
Satellite National Accounting The World
Tourism Organization and World Travel Tourism
Council support the concept of analyzing tourism
through a satellite account for tourism. In
essence, this means adding up the impacts of
tourism that have traditionally been allocated to
other economic sectors.
48
Definition of sustainable development

• Meets the needs of present without compromising
  the ability of future generations to meet their
  own needs.
• World Commission on Environment and
  Development (1987)

49

• The use of natural resources to support economic
  activity without compromising the environments
  carrying capacity, which is its ability to
  continue producing those economic goods and
  services.
• Manning and Dougherty (1995)

50

• Tourism which is developed and maintained in an
  area (community, environment) in such a manner
  and such a scale that it remains viable over an
  indefinite period and does not degrade or alter
  the environment (human and physical) in which it
  exists to such a degree that it prohibits the
  successful development and well-being of other
  activities and processes.
• Butler (1993)

51
Seven Dimensions of STD
http//www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm
52
Characteristics of Sustainable Tourism

• It tries its utmost to maintain the importance of
  local culture and tradition.
• It is informatory, as it doesnt only let tourist
  know about the destinations but also it helps
  locals knowing about the culture and
  civilizations of tourists.
• It is aimed to conserve the resources of
  destinations where one is visiting to.
• It seeks deeper involvement of locals, which
  provide local people an opportunity and make
  their living.
• It stresses pointedly upon integrity of the
  tourist places.

53
Three principles provided by WTO

• This WTO report recommends that tourism needs to
  be developed to satisfy three broad principles
  (Ding and Pigram, 1995)
• 1. To improve the quality of life of the host
  community.
• 2. To provide a high-quality experience for
  visitors.
• 3. To maintain the quality of environment on
  which both the host community and the visitors
  depend.

McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism
Development Guide for Local Planners.
MadridWorld Tourism Organization.
54
12 aims of sustainable tourism

• Economic viability
• Local prosperity
• Employment quality
• Social equity
• Visitor fulfillment
• Local control
• Community wellbeing
• Cultural richness
• Physical integrity
• Biological diversity
• Resource efficiency
• Environmental purity

Making Tourism More Sustainable A Guide for
Policy Makers, in September 2005
released by UNEP and WTO.
55
Joint efforts form.
Provinces
Central Government
56
To achieve the goals.

• Oct. 25.1995, the United Nations released Paris
  Declaration In 21 century, the only way for
  mankind to survive is to learn the essence from
  Confucius 2500 years ago.
• Government--Official members who involve in
  policy-setting and planning need to recognize and
  give equal consideration to both potential
  positive and negative effects of tourism.
• Private sectors-- consciously balance the
  interests of profit, environment, and social and
  culture.
• Community-- Local people must play a key role in
  determining the future of tourism in their
  community.

57
References

• McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism
  Development Guide for Local Planners.
  MadridWorld Tourism Organization.
• Manning, E. W., and T. D. Dougherty. 1995.
  Sustainable tourism Preserving the golden goose.
  Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration
  Quarterly, 36 (2)29-42.
• Butler, R. W. 1993. Pre- and Post-Impact
  Assessment of Tourism Development. Tourism
  research Critiques and challenges. New York
  Routledge. 135-155.
• Ding, P., and J. Pigram, 1995. Environmental
  audits An emerging concept in sustainable
  tourism development. Journal of Tourism Studies,
  6 (2)2-10.
• David L . Edgell, Srand R. Todd Haenisch.(1995).
  Coopetition Global Tourism Beyond the
  Millennium, 2.
• From Newspaper article Coopetition is needed
  in eastern N.C , The Daily Reflector,
  Greenville, North Carolina, 04 November 2004.
• Robert Christie Mill and Alastair M . Morrison.
  (2006). The Tourism System. US Kendall/Hunt
  Publishing Company.
• Yongjin Deng, Folklore-based Tourism, Yunnan
  University Press
• Zhaoxiang Ba, National folklore Tourism, Fujian
  Peoples Publishing House
• Xing Xiao, The Development of the Chinese Tourism
  Resources, China Travel Tourism Press

58
References

• http//www.ecoindia.com/sustainable-tourism.html
• http//www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/secturing/sect_ing_des
  tinations_care/_rid/9595/_mto/3/_wst/maximized?imp
  _actimp_step3page0
• http//www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html
• http//www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm
• http//www.world-tourism.org/
• http//www.wttc.org/
• http//www.msnbc.com/
• http//dlib.cnki.net/kns50/detail.aspx?filename20
  07096274.nhdbnameCMFD2007
• http//www.scribd.com/doc/2931610/ARCHAEOLOGY-TOUR
  ISM-AND-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-
• http//www.wttc.org/bin/pdf/temp/progressprioritie
  s05-06.html

59
The End !