Chapter 15 Guided Reading

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Chapter 15 Guided Reading
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Lesson 2
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Ways to care for your skeleton

• Eat foods that contain calcium, Vit D, and
  Phosphorus.
• Regular Physical Activity. Including weight
  bearing exerises.
• Wearing protective gear.

• Prevent Development of certain skeletal
  disorders.
• Keeps bones Strong.
• Reduces the risk of bone fractures

4
List 4 reasons why skeletal problems occur

• Poor Nutrition
• Infections
• Sports and recreational injuries
• Poor Posture

5
Distinguish between a compound fracture and a
simple fracture of a bone

• Compound-a fracture in which the broken end of
  the bone protrudes through the skin.
• Simple-a fracture in which the broken bone does
  not protrude.

6
List three types of fractures based on pattern
break

• Hairline Fracture
• Transverse fracture
• Comminuted Fracture

• The Fracture is incomplete
• The fracture is completely across the bone.
• The bone shatters into more than two pieces.

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Types of Fractures
8
What is osteoporosis?

• Osteoporisis- a condition in which progressive
  loss of bone tissue occurs.

9
Name two health pracitces that can reduce the
risk of developing osteoporosis later in life.

• Adequate amounts of Vitamin D, Calcium, and
  phosphurus.
• Regular weight bearing exercises.

10
What is Scoliosis and name two treatments?

• Scoliosis- a lateral or side to side, curvature
  of the spine
• Wearing a brace.
• Surgery

11
List 3 reasons injury to joints occur

• Overuse (tendonitis)
• Strain
• Disease

12
Questions about Dislocation

• Dislocation is when a bone slips out of place.
• They are usually torn
• Do not attempt to reduce. Seek medical attention

13
What is the treament for torn cartilage?

• Arthroscopic surgery

14
Distinguish between bursitis and arthritis.

• Bursitis results from inflammation of a fluid
  filled sac called a bursa
• Arthiritis is the inflammation of a joint.

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What is the function of a bursae?

• Help reduce the friction between the movable
  parts of a joint.

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3 causes of arthritis

• Injury
• Natural wear an tear
• Autoimmune disease

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Repetitive motion injury

• Damage to tissues caused by prolonged repeated
  movements

18
What is carpal tunnel symdrome and name 3
symptoms?

• Swollen ligaments and tendons in the wrist
• numbness,
• a burning and tingling sensation in the thumb and
  forefinger
• pain and weakness in the hand.

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3 treatments

• Wearing a splint/Physical therapy
• Medication to reduce swelling
• Small percentage surgery

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Lesson 3
21
3 processes that your muscles make happen without
your voluntary control

• Breathe
• Make your hear beat
• Move food through your digestive system

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What makes up a muscle?

• Hundreds of long cells called fibers.
• Major muscles are made up of hundred of bundles
  of these fibers.

23
What usually triggers a muscle to contract or
relax?

• Muscle contraction is triggered by nerve impulses.

24
Does a nerve provide impulses for many muscles
fibers or just a few?

• In large Muscle groups nerve can supply many
  muscles
• In areas like the eye a single nerve may provide
  impulse for only 2 or 3 muslces.
• The trochlear nerve only inervated the superior
  oblique muscle.

25
List 3 types of muscle tissue

• Smooth Muscle
• Involuntary
• Skeletal Muscle
• Voluntary
• Cardiac Muscle
• Involuntary

• Lining of passageways and internal organs.
• Attached to bone and cause body movements.
• Type of striated muscle that forms the wall of
  the heart.

26
Explain the relationship between contraction and
extension.

• When one muscle contracts the other muscle
  extends.
• The muscle that extends has to relax when a
  muscle contracts.

27
What is a flexor and a extensor?

• Flexor-The muscle that closes a joint.
• Extensor-The muscle that opens a joint.

28
List two ways to maintain muscle tone?

• Regular physical activity
• Proper Posture
• Free weights
• Push Ups

29
List 2 factors that help determine the recovery
time on an injury-related muscle problems.

• Type of Injury
• Severity of Injury
• 1st
• 2nd
• 3rd

30
Distinguish between a muscle strain and a sprain

• Strain-When a muscle is stretched or partially
  torn as a result of overexertion
• Sprain is an injury to a ligament

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4 types of injury-related muscle problems

• Bruise
• Strain
• Tendonitis
• Hernia
• Muscular dystrophy

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Describe cause and treatment

• Muscle Strain
• Bruise
• Tendonitis
• Hernia

• Overexertion, treated with RICE
• Injury that causes blood vessels beneath the skin
  to rupture and leak. Swelling treated with ice.
• Inflammation of a tendon. Rest, ice,
  anti-inflammatory meds, us
• When an organ or tissue protrudes through an area
  of weak muscle. surgery

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Hernia

• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid-407167279
  9185818402qhernia

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Lesson 4
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Name the main division of the nervous system

• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System

• Brain and Spinal Cord
• Nerves that extend from the brain, spinal cord,
  and sensory recptors such as those in the skin
  that sense pressure, pain, and temperature.

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Skin Receptors
37
Explain the relationship between the central
nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

• The PNS gathers information and sends messages to
  the CNS wich interprets it and sends out a
  response through the PNS.

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What is a neuron?

• A Neuron is a nerve cell from which messages are
  transmitted to and from the spinal cord and brain.

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3 types and functions of neurons

• Sensory
• Motor
• Interneuron

• carry messages from the body's sense receptors
  (eyes, ears, etc.)
• carry signals from the CNS muscles and glands.
• form all the neural wiring within the CNS

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3 parts of a neuron and their function

• Cell Body-Contains the nucleus (the control
  center of the cell)
• Dendrites-Receive information from other neurons
  or sensory receptors and transmit impulses toward
  the cell body.
• Axons-Transmit impulses away from the cell body
  and toward another neuron, muscle cell, or gland.

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Nerve impulse from the body to the spinal cord.
how are messages transmitted

• Begins when a sensory receptor is stimulated. The
  impulse travels to the CNS and is interpreted
  with the help of an interneuron. Then a motor
  neuron carries the message to a muscle cell or
  gland in response to the stimulus.

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What is the function of the brain?

• It integrates and controls the activities of the
  nervous system.

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3 main divisions of the brain

• The cerebrum-Center of conscious thought,
  learning, and memory
• The cerebellum-coordinate movement of the
  skeletal muscles.
• The brain stem- Incoming sensory and outgoing
  motor impulses pass through it.

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2 processes tat are centered in each hemisphere
of the cerebrum

• The Left
• Controls the right side of the body
• Language
• Reasoning
• Ability to think critically about math and
  science problems

• The Right
• Control the left side of the body
• Music
• Art
• And spatial relationships

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3 main areas of the brain stem

• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain

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Functions of thalamus and hypothalamus

• Thalamus
• Important relay center for incoming sensory
  impulses

• Hypothalamus
• Controls and balances various body processes to
  regulate body temperature, stimulates appetite
  for food and drink, and regulate sleep.
• Also controls secretions from the pituitary gland
  that control metabolism, sexual development, and
  emotional responses.

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Video break

• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid-233318968
  1837727477qbrainprgoog-slhlen

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List 2 sections of the peripheral nervous system

• Autonomic
• Somatic

49
What is the function of the autonomic nervous
system

• Controls involuntary things such as digestion and
  heart rate.

50
Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system balance eachother

• The Parasympathetic helps regulate homeostasis
• Sympathetic-Fight or Flight
• Parasympathetic brings back to normal.

51
Two types of neurons in the somatic nervous
system.

• Sensory from eyes ears nose tongue
• Motor

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What is a reflex?

• A spontaneous response of the body to a stimulus.

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Difference between a nerve impulse and a reflex
action

• A nerve impulse travels to the CNS and is
  interpreted and than the CNS sends out a message
  via the motor neurons and action is taken.
• A reflex action does not make it to the CNS. The
  sensory neuron makes contact with a connecting
  neuron which makes contact with a motor neuron
  and than there is action.