PowerPointPrsentation

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Ethics of Human Water Use An Interactive,
Transdisciplinary Inquiry
Group 1 Environmental Policy, Governance and
Ethics Katherine (USA) Saka (SLO) Petra
(SLO) Aare (EST) Basia (AUS) Michael (AUT) Ioana
(FRA)
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Welcome to the World Water Museum. July 13,
2070, Special ExhibititionA Thirst for
Sustainability
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Guiding Symbol for Sustainable Development of
Water Issues
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In the beginning, there was water . .
. Back in 2007, water was still a point
of disagreement for world citizens.
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Your Planet 70 Water
97 Saltwater
18 of the worlds population has no access to
clean water.
2 of water is locked in the polar ice caps
1 fresh water
Your Body 70 water
50 of the freshwater is polluted.
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• Of all available water
•   70 agricultural use
•    20 industrial
•   10 domestic

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DOMESTIC WATER USE
Approximate water use per day, per
person Europeans . . . . . . . . . . 150-250
L Australians . . . . . . . . . . 350 L North
Americans. . . . . . .380-600 L
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Relic of the Past?
Water metering in Europe has reduced domestic
water use to 25 of all European water use.
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Flushing Away a Valuable Resource

• One flush of a North American toilet uses about
  20 L of water, and a standard European toilet
  uses about 9 litres of water per flush.
• In most developing nations, the average person
  must survive on only 3 litres of water per day.
• statistical source 2006 United Nations Human
  Development Report.

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Key Ethical Concerns

• Anthropocentric vs.
• Ecocentric
• Relationships
• The Water Cycle
• as a Natural Regulator
• Cross-cultural
• Difference
• and Equality
• Intergenerational
• Resources
• Social Risks

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Questions of Permanance

• Water molecules do not stay in one place water
  changes states.
• Like energy, water is more or less conserved. It
  is a renewable resource due to the water cycle.
• Although water is neither created nor destroyed,
  it can be contaminated, salinated, removed from
  aquifers or otherwise made unavailable.
• When human beings transform land, they may reduce
  the availability of water.

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Water as a Human Right

• Human lifemobility and autonomyrelies on water
  availability.
• Should each person be limited to a certain amount
  of water?
• Who ensures that water rights are continually
  protected under law?
• The Precautionary Principle
• -The consequences of water
• reappropriation are uncertain.
• (-Drought and flooding.
• -Rural vs. Urban
• -Land-locked water
• -Permissive contamination)

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Water cycle
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Where do we think drinking water comes from?
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Actually where water comes from
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Water extraction

• Karst aquifers

• Intergranular aquifers

• Rivers

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Water extraction

• Borehole drilling

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Water extraction

• Drilling making boreholes

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Water extraction
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Legislation
Water Framework Directive (WFD)

• The EU WFD establishes a Community framework
  according to which Member States must ensure the
  protection of inland surface waters, transitional
  waters, coastal waters and groundwater by 2015.
• in order to
• Prevent and reduce pollution
• Promote sustainable water use based on a
  long-term protection of available resources
• Protect the aquatic environment
• Improve the status of aquatic ecosystems and
• Mitigate the effects of floods and droughts

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Legislation
WFD

• Being a document that brings together different
  directives in a common framework, the EU WFD
  addresses several topics related to water,
  including
• Environmental objectives
• River basins
• Protected areas
• Drinking water
• Water quality
• Water pricing

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Legislation
WFD
Member States are required to take measures to
prevent deterioration and aim to achieve good
status for both surface water and groundwater
bodies by 2015.
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Slovene Legislation

• Constitution
• Environment protection Law
• Water law

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Example (Ljubljana Aquifer)
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Example (Ljubljana Aquifer)
1STprotection zone, with the most strict
protection regime 2ndprotection zone, with
strict protection regime 3rdprotection zone,
with mild protection regime.
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Example (Ljubljana Aquifer)
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Example (Ljubljana Aquifer)
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Irrigation

• One of the most important activities in farming

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History of irrigation
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canals
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reservoires
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qanats
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The evolution of irrigation was unstopable

• That lead to more and more irrigation all ower
  the world

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Extent of irrigation

• In 2000, at the global scale 278.8 mio ha (689
  mio acres) of agricultural land was equipped with
  irrigation infrastructure.

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• The largest areas of high irrigation density are
  found in
• India and Pakistan (Ganges, Indus)
• China (Hai He, Huang He, Yangtze basin)
• Egypt and Sudan (Nile)
• California (Mississippi-Missouri river basin)

• 68 Asia
• 17 America
• 9 Europe
• 5 Africa
• 1 Oceania

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Types of irrigation

• Surface irrigation

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• Localized irrigation

Center pivot irrigation
Lateral move irrigation
Drip irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation
Bubbler irrigation
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• Sub-irrigation

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• Manual irrigation

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Sources of irrigation water

• Surfacewater
• Rivers
• Lakes
• Reservoirs of non conventional sources
• treated wastewater
• desalinated water
• drainage water
• Spate irrigation floodwater harvesting
• Water concentration method rainwater harvesting

• Groundwater
• Springs
• Wells

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Problems in irrigation

• Competition for surface water rights
• Depletion of underground aquifers
• Ground subsidence
• Buildup of toxic salts on soil in areas of high
  evaporation
• Overirrigation because of poor distribution
  uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals,
  and may lead to water pollution

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Legislation regarding irrigation

• European Water Direction
• It leaves some questions to the national level of
  deciding such as when, how and how much to
  irrigate

• EC Treaty
• Article 5
• Article 175
• (european level E. Council and E.
  Commision unanimous decisions)

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Precaution
Babilonia
Aral Sea
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• Do not repeat the mistakes from the past!

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Used WATER is WASTEWATER?
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Understanding where and how much water we use is
the FIRST step in beginning to conserve one of
our most precious resources.
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Shower per person average 10 min flow rate 20
L/min (standard) ? 200 liters 7.5 L/min (low
flow) ? 75 liters Once per day ? 73,000 L 73 m3
(27,375 L 27.4 m3) per year
Toilet per person ........ per day 20 L
(standard toilet) 6 L (low volume toilet)
4 times per day ? 29,200 L per year (standard
toilet) 8,760 l per year (low volume toilet)
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Wastewater 99.94 of water (H2O), 0.06 of
the dissolved and suspended solid material The
properties of wastewater suspended particles
(100 to 350 mg/L). The strength of the
wastewater Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). An
indicator of disease-causing organisms -
Colicorm bacteria
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UNTREATED WASTEWATER
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URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Today most of the EU population is conncted to
sewage networks. Central Europe and Nordic
countries most wastewater receives tertiary
treatment (removal of organic matter and
nutrients) Southern and some Central Europe
most wastewater receives secondary treatment
(removal of organic matter) Some large cities
still discharge wastewater nearly untreated.
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WASTEWATER POLICY
1973 World Health Organization (WHO) Reuse of
effluents. Methods of wastewater treatment and
public health safeguard (only technically
oriented!) 1989 WHO Health guidelines for
the use of wastewater in agriculture and
aquaculture (also policy level!) 2006 WHO
Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater,
excreta and greywater (1st volume for policy!)
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1991 European Council The Urban Wastewater
Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) 2005
European Union Urban Waste Water Treatment
Directive (UWWTD)
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• Each person needs pure water for his (or her)
  life.
• (Water is the source of all life Thales of
  Miletus, 634-546 BC)
• Using more water ? generation more wastewater
• Using less water ? generation less wastewater
• EUREKA! (?)
• What about the quality of life?
• How to do it? Through directives
• New technology
• Knowledge of sustainability

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• (pipe-end) SOLUTIONS
• Bigger WWTP? Where? Whose land?
• Bigger pipeline? Whose land? Sedimentation?
• Faster treatment? microorganisms live their
  life!
• Smaller volume of wastewater - How?

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Would you like to have this in your backyard?
Maybe this one?
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The case of López Ostra v. Spain in The European
Court of Human Rights Mrs Gregoria López Ostra
and her husband and their two daughters had their
home a few hundred metres from the town centre.
The town of Lorca has a heavy concentration of
leather industries. Several tanneries belonging
to a limited company called SACURSA, had a plant
for the treatment of liquid and solid waste
built with a State subsidy on municipal land
twelve metres away from the applicant's
home. The smells, fumes and noise did not
constitute a serious risk to the health of the
families living in its vicinity but, rather,
impaired their quality of life. On 18 September
1991 the court ordered that the plant should be
closed.
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What can I do for tomorrow? It is easier to
solve little problems before the beginning of
the pipe. We have to put sustainability into our
practical habits of water using. Is it too much
to do??
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We can start from these GENERAL DIRECTIVES for
WATER
The EC WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE (WFD)
(2000/60/EC) AUSTRALIAN WATER INITIATIVE
2004 USA no national framework eastern
states the doctrine of riparian rights western
states water as a kind of private property
(commodity)
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WE ALSO NEED PURE WATER!
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What did governments and business do when they
had the chance?And..

• An Australian perspective

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Questions

• Who is involved?
• What are their interests?
• How can stakeholders be managed for
• a sustainable future?

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Key Stakeholders
Business Interest
Self Interest
PRIVATE / PUBLIC SECTOR CONSUMERS
PRIVATE SECTOR SUPPLIERS e.g. MNCs
DISTRIBUTION
PUBLIC AS CONSUMERS
WATER SUPPLIERS
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Public Interest
GOVERNMENT / LAW MAKERS
PUBLIC AS LAW MAKING PARTICIPANTS
NGOs
MEDIA
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Protecting water supply The policy makers of
Europe

• Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament
  and of the Council
• of 23 October 2000
• establishing a framework for community action in
  the field of water policy
• Water is not a commercial product, but a heritage
  which must be protected, defended and treated as
  such
• Article 9 Recovery of costs for water services
  in accordance with polluter pays? principle. By
  2010
• Pricing incentives for efficient users
• Pricing adjusted adequately by type of user e.g.
  household, industry and agriculture

What kind of moral questions ARISE FROM THIS LAW?
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Protecting water supply The policy makers of
Europe
WE CAN SEE THAT THE QUESTION OF PRICING IS JUST
ONE WAY THAT WATER SUPPLY CAN BE CONTROLLED FOR
SUSTAINABILITY.

• "some for all rather than all for some" equity
  of access limiting access
• Clarify the roles and responsibilities of
  different levels of government and local
  communities in construction, ownership,
  management, administration, operation and
  maintenance of water supplies
• Hygiene and health education to increase the
  beneficial impact of water supplies
• The economics of water supply including cost
  recovery, capital financing, water tariffs -
  instruments such as stepped tariffs (levels
  adjusted to local conditions)
• The role of NGOs and the private sector in water
  supply

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Lets look at the private sector in some more
detail

• Privatisation This term was commonly used
  towards the end of the 1980s to describe the
  increase in private involvement
• Private sector participation (PSP) PSP refers to
  the role that the private sector can play in the
  delivery of services. There are varying degrees
  of private sector involvement from service
  contracts to concessions.
• Public-private partnership (PPP) PPP
  acknowledges the key role that both the public
  and private sectors have in service provision.
• PPP was carried out by institutions which have
  elements of both public and private involvement.
• The two main methods of operation are
• Corporatisation
• Public-private joint ventures

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Businesses at the turn of the century

• "Investment in sustainability will create one of
  the biggest opportunities for
• wealth generation and wealth preservation the
  world has ever seen. EBAs goal
• is to make sure that Australia becomes one of the
  international sustainability
• superpowers.
• Fiona Wain, CEO, Environment Business Australia

"It is a great credit to all the people in
Westpac that we have again been judged as the
best bank globally for sustainability and
responsible business practices for the fifth year
in a row. This is a clear reflection of our
continued focus on managing ethically and our
success in embedding 'doing the right thing' into
the way we do business."Westpac CEO, David
Morgan, 2007
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Global Rainfall Trends
The thirty-year (1961-90) pattern of annual mean
rainfall over the globe (mm). Source Australian
Government Bureau of Meteorology
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Trend in Australian average annual rainfall over
time
Source Australian Government Bureau of
Meteorology
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Average Annual Rainfall
Average annual rainfall for Australia - based on
the 30-year period 1961-90.
Source Australian Government Bureau of
Meteorology
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Australia a sunburnt country of droughts and
flooding rains ...
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Water use in Australia in 2005
(a) Includes Services to agriculture hunting and
trapping. (b) Includes Sewage and drainage
services.(c) Includes water losses.
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Climate change as a threat to water supply -
Increased temperatures- Decreased rainfall-
Increased occurrence of extreme weather
conditions

• ?one in a 1,000-year drought, or possibly even
  drier."
• Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
  Research Organisation (CSIRO), 2006
• Further predictions
• Rainfall in parts of eastern Australia could drop
  by 40 by 2070
• Temperatures could rise by 7 by 2070
• By 2030,the risk of bushfires will be higher,
  droughts will be more severe and rainfall and
  stream run-off will be lower
• Water management experts say that Australia's
  long-term climate is changing
• "When the drought breaks we will not return to
  cooler, wetter conditions. It is the worst type
  of
• drought because we are not expecting to return
  back to the old regime. The last half of last
  century
• was much wetter. What we seem to have done is ...
  built Australia on the assumption that it was
• going to be wetter, and we haven't been prepared
  to make the change back to a much drier regime."
• Mike Young, Professor, University of Adelaide

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Who ?owns?and manages water in Australia?

• Water in Australia remains a public good in legal
  terms
• Environmental matters are left to the State and
  Terriroties to control, however regulation of
  water resources can transcend boundaries
• 1992 establishment of Council of Australian
  Governments to negotiate over cross-jurisdictional
  matters such as water management
• National Water Initiative greater emphasis on
  the Commonwealth government to direct, coordinate
  and control water
• Water for the environment
• Water trading e.g. Murray Darling Basin
• However, environment has to compete with other
  users in the market in the face of changing
  knowledge of ecosystem requirements

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• The two essential "phases" of sustainability
• The initiation phase is the establishment of the
  service
• Recognition that a service is needed
• Determining demand
• Planning
• Design and construction of infrastructure
• Establishment of governance structure
• The ongoing phase is the rest of the service's
  life
• Operating the services to satisfy customers
• Collecting revenue
• Maintenance of infrastructure and administration
• The primary objective of most governments in the
  field of water supply and sanitation is
  sustainable service delivery at local level.
• The challenge is to identify the factors which
  will promote sustainability in both phases of
  service provision.
• Because development and service provision are
  primarily human processes, however, the debate
  about sustainability and best practice will
  continue.

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So Who is responsible?
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Welcome to the cultural dimension of water
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Thales of Milet
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Empedocles
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Georg Friedrich Haendel
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Burt Bacharach
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Deep Purple
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The Beatles
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Jean Claude Monet Le Havre
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Jean Baptiste Chardin Can with water
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Lukas Walcher Water or Oil
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Tromostovje (The Three Bridges)
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Austria
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House of Water
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Sources of austrian identity
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Vor Ausverkauf des heimischen Wassers?
Kein Ausverkauf von Wasser!
Der grosse Ausverkauf!
Schleichender Ausverkauf!
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Should water be a common good or should water be
owned by someone (one human right is the right of
property!)
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Should water be extracted from the water circle
in Austria to save lives in third world countries
that are lacking water - even when the ecological
system in Austria is affected?
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Should water be delivered to Third World
Countries, even when the Public does not agree
with that (because of ecological reasons or
cultural reasons)? How should we response to the
problem, that maybe a democratic decision is not
an ethical good decision at all?
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International Water Summit, WWM, Ljubljana
-A transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary
analysis regarding the ethical dimension of
water use-
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Interdisciplinarity-An Inside Scoop
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Understanding NGOs Role in Sustainable Water Use

• Environmentalism
• Brief History of NGOs
• Agenda 21 and its 3rd section
• How can we implement solutions?

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Timeline of Environmental Movements Regarding
Water

• 1388 Parlament passes an act forbidding the
  throwing of filth and garbage into ditches,
  rivers and waters. City of Cambridge also passes
  the first urban sanitary laws in England.
• 1762 to 1769 Philadelphia committee led by
  Benjamin Franklin attempts to regulate waste
  disposal and water pollution.
• 1970 Arne Næss leads the non-violent civil
  disobedience protest against damming of the
  Mardalsfossen waterfall, later publishing on the
  deep ecology philosophy.
• 1972 the Oslo Convention on dumping waste at
  sea, later merged with the Paris Convention on
  land-based sources of marine pollution into the
  Convention for the Protection of the Marine
  Environment of the North-East Atlantic.
• 1977 Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act.
• 1992 World Ocean Day began on 8 June at the
  Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro.
• 2003 The world's largest reservoir, the Three
  Gorges Dam begins filling 1 June.
• 2004 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake causes large
  tsunamis, killing nearly a quarter of a million
  people.

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Media Involvement-a case study of how we can
make a change-

• FACT corporations urge local governments to
  privatize municipal water
• CONSEQUENCE communities around the world are
  organizing to ensure affordable access to this
  life sustaining resource
• TAKING AN ACTION use of art in order to touch
  public opinion
• (Water Warrior, Liz Miller)

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Make your commitment!GET INVOLVED

• Laundry
• Home Appliances
• In the Bathroom
• JOIN An Environmental Association

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Transdisciplinarity-An Inside Scoop
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No water, no school

• A 15 increase in Bangladeshi school attendance
  when water hauling time is reduced
• A 12 increase in Tanzanian school attendance
  when water is available within 15 minutes instead
  of being more than an hour away
• 11 more girls attend school when there are
  sanitation facilities available offering proper
  privacy

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Making Water Tourism More Sustainable

• The average tourist uses as much water in 24
  hours as a third world villager would use to
  produce rice for 100 days.
• A single luxury hotel in a Third World country
  can use 66,000 gallons of water a day.
• In Goa women have to walk further and further to
  fetch fresh water as the booming tourism industry
  soaks it up for hotels.

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Sustainable Water Transport

• the lowest air pollution
• the lowest noise generation
• the lowest load of the surrounding water and soil
• the lowest accident incidence.

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Are we?
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• For all at last returns to the sea -- to
  Oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing
  stream of time, the beginning and the end. _
  Rachel Carson

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• To Conclude,
• Poverty, power struggle and sociogeographic
  inequality lie at the root of the human water
  crisis, rather than a natural water scarcity.
• Therefore, the water crisis is an ethical
  problem it must be addressed in terms of
  economics, law and human rights, supported by
  scientific inquiry and diplomacy.
• Water issues provide an excellent framework for
  engaging all people in environmental action and
  sustainability dialogue.