Manure and Flies: Past, Present, and Possible Future Studies

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Insect Pests in the Past

• Annihilate
• Destroy
• Kill

Production
Investment

• Chlorinated hydrocarbons
• Organophosphastes
• Carbamates

Sub-optimal Dividends
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Insect Pests and Past Trends
Input Driven
Inherent Strengths
Inherent Strengths
Input Driven
Stability of System
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Insect Pests and Past Trends
Input Driven
Inherent Strengths
Inherent Strengths
Input Driven
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Modernize Philosophy of Insect Suppression
Input Driven
Input Driven
Input Driven
Inherent Strengths
Inherent Strengths
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Modernized Philosophy of Insect Suppression
Input Driven
Input Driven
Input Driven
Inherent Strengths
Inherent Strengths
Stability of System
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Insect Pests
Production

• Biological Control
• Sanitation
• Cover Crops
• Trap Crops
• Native Crops

• Suppression
• Acceptance
• Monitoring

Investment
Maximized Dividends
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Integrated Pest Management

• Biological
• Cultural
• Chemical

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Integrated Pest Management and Beef Cattle

• Jeffery K. Tomberlin, Ph.D.
• Department of Entomology, Texas AM University
• Texas Cooperative Extension
• Stephenville, TX

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Survey!!!

• Address specific issues
• Provide better direction of state research
• Refine our studies for greater benefits for
  producers

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Three Primary Fly Pests

• House fly
• Stable fly
• Horn fly

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Sites Attacked By Flies
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House fly, Musca domestica
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Horn fly, Haematobia irritans
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Insect Life Cycle
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Horn fly, Haematobia irritans

• 1 pest affecting cattle
• Both sexes feed multiple times daily
• Reside on cow
• Consume 10 µl/day 3000/cow30 ml/day
• Bites hurt
• Cosmetic defects

Biology 1
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• Nursing cows
• Metabolism of cow
• Reduce feeding

Economic Threshold250 flies/cow
Biology 2
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Effects on weight gain
Horn fly s in Canada
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Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans
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Insect Life Cycle
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Where Are The Breeding Sites For Stable Flies?
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Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

• More abundant in confined areas
• Attack many areas sides, back, primarily legs
• Both sexes feed once/day
• Do not reside on cow
• Bites hurt result in wound
• Reduced feeding

Economic Threshold 2-4/leg
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Various Control Methods
Cultural
Chemical
Biological
??????????
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Biological Control
Simply stated using what nature has provided to
suppress pest species
Parasitoids
Competition
Predators
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Parasitoid Augmentation

• Comanche County 2003
• J. K. Tomberlin Bob Whitney

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Two dairies sampled One with one without
release program
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Preliminary Data Analysis of shipped material
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Questions for Beneficial Insectaries

• What species do you release?
• What species do I have?
• What percent of your product results in adults?
• How long have your species been in colony?
• How can I determine the effectiveness of your
  product?
• How do you rate yourself versus other companies?

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Study Summary

• Additional studies still needed to support
  initial results
• Still need species identified
• Expand study to other counties
• Conduct study throughout year
• No difference between sites

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Black Soldier Fly Augmentation

• J. K. Tomberlin Bob Whitney

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21 July through 15 September
4 treatments replicated 4 times in block design
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-Inoculated with approximately 2,000 5-d-old
black soldier fly larvae -Treated with 1 cup
Prozap/100 sq ft -Treated with 1 pint Prozap/100
sq ft -No treatment
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Sample 3 sites for house fly maggots
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Fly Maggot Counts
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Gravimetrical estimates on maggot augmentation
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Final Moisture of Collected Manure
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Final Weight of Manure 24.0 34.5 Reduction
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Study Summary

• Manure reduction due to soldier fly
• House fly reduction
• Nitrogen Phosphorous reduction
• Replicates needed to support initial results
• Practicality

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Future Study Fire Ants Fly Maggots and Surface
Area
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Chemical Control
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Bait Study

• J. K. Tomberlin and Bob Whitney

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Baits for house flies
-Imidachloprid/muscalure -Cannot be used around
animals -6 oz per 1,000 sq ft -24.00 per 5 lb
bucket 111.00 per 40 lb bucket -life?
QuickBayt
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Golden Malrin
-Methomyl/muscalure -Cannot be used in areas with
animals -8 oz per 1,000 sq ft -8.00 per
unit -life?
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QuickStrike
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-Nithiazine-sugar -Can be used around animals -8
wk life -10-20 per unit
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Comparison Study of Baits
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Comparison Study of Baits
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Comparison Study of Baits
Six 1 hr replicates
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Study Summary

• QuickBayt
• Golden Malrin
• Quick Strike
• Remember to use only when fly population is a
  problem

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Ear Tags

• What are they?
• What are they used for?
• Which ones do I use?

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Williamson County Stiles Farm Horn Fly Study
Warrior (Y-Tex Corp) -(combination) 40
organophosphate 30 diazinon and 10
chlorpyrifos -Approved for use on beef and
non-lactating dairy cattle.
Python Magnum (Y-Tex Corp) -zetacypermethrin
(pyrethroid) -one tag per head on beef and dairy
cattle, including calves over 3 months of age and
lactating dairy cows.
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-Weekly counts for 13 weeks -June 6 through 5
September -10 animals per treatment - flies per
side and doubled
Styles Farm 2003 Basic Study
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Tag Date
Economic Threshold
Horn Fly Counts
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Current Ear Tag Trends

• Alternate Ear tags
• Organophosphate (3) vs pyrethroid (1)

ORGANOPHOSPHATES PYRETHROIDS Patriot Gardst
ar Plus Warrior Perma-tect X-terminator Ea
r Force Ranger Optimizer Python Magnum
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Ear Tags for Lactating Dairy

• Cylence Ultra (pyrethroid)
• GardStar Plus
• Python
• Python Magnum
• Maxcon (combination)

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Other Methods for Fly Control

• Back rubbers
• Feed-through
• Electric fly traps

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Cultural Control

• Simply stated modifying the environment so that
  it is unsuitable for sustaining a pest population

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Summary

• Know your pests
• Economic thresholds
• Use a combination of techniques
• Read labels
• Be careful!!
• The information given herein is for educational
  purposes only. Reference to trade name is made
  with the understanding that no discrimination is
  intended and no endorsement by the Texas
  Cooperative Extension Service is implied