Identity Development

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Identity Development
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Race

• What makes it so hard to define?
• Is a social construct developed around 1620 as a
  means to keep separate different groups. It is a
  visible characteristic to which American society
  ascribes membership and often makes attributes of
  limitations.

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Ethnicity

• How cultural values, behaviors, and attitudes
  help distinguish one group from another
• Subjective sense of what group membership means
• Experiences with discrimination and powerlessness
  associated with minority status
• A distinct social and cultural heritage (e.g.,
  language, religion, traditions) shared by a group
  of people, and transmitted across generations

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Culture

• Nieto.
• Culture consists of the values, traditions,
  social and political relationships, and worldview
  created, shared, and transformed by a group of
  people bound together by a common history,
  geographic location, language social class, and
  /or religion.

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Identity Development Models

• Who is the only racial/ethnic group that did not
  come to America voluntarily?
• Who is the only racial/ethnic group that is
  treated as foreigners in their own country?
• What are the similarities and differences between
  the models?
• How can we best use these models to help clients?

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The White Counselors Identity

• The Ponterotto Model (1988)
• Stages when confronted with multicultural
  concerns.
• 1) Pre-exposure
• 2) Exposure
• 3) Zealotry and Defensiveness
• 4) Integration

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White Racial Identity Theory (WRIAT) Model

• Helms proposed that White racial identity
  develops through 6 stages. The 6 stages of WRIAT
  are
• 1. Contact
• 2. Disintegration
• 3. Reintegration
• 4. Pseudoindependence
• 5. Immersion/emersion
• 6. Autonomy

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White Racial Consciousness (WRC) Model

• Rowe defined White consciousness as ones
  awareness of being White and what that implies in
  relation to those who do not share White group
  membership.
• The WRC model has two status levels unachieved
  and achieved. The model includes seven attitude
  categories.

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WRC Model Categories

• 1. Avoidant
• 2. Dependent
• 3. Dissonant
• 4. Dominative
• 5. Conflictive
• 6. Reactive
• 7. Integrative

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Afro-American Identity Development Model

• Poston (Biracial Identity Development) proposed a
  5 stage, progressive, developmental model for
  Biracial identity development
• 1. Personal Identity
• 2. Choice of Group Categorization
• 3. Enmeshment/Denial
• 4. Appreciation
• 5. Integration

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Henriksens Black/White Biracial Identity
Development Model

• Dr. Henriskens model incorporates six periods or
  processes that could be encountered by Biracial
  individuals. Research showed that not all
  individuals will experience all six periods, may
  experience fewer, or recycle through the periods.
  The model suggests that Biracial individuals
  might resolve their identity development via
  several different means of self-identification.

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Henriksens Biracial Identity Development Model

• 1. Neutrality
• 2. Acceptance
• 3. Awareness
• 4. Experimentation
• 5. Transition
• 6. Recognition

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Minority Identity Development (MID) Model

• The theory defines 5 stages of development that
  oppressed people may experience as they struggle
  to understand themselves in terms of their own
  minority culture, and the oppressive relationship
  between the two cultures (minority and White).
  Note not all individuals will experience all
  stages. Some may begin at later stages, some may
  begin and end in the final stage. Family
  influences play a prominent role on the
  developmental process and where the process
  begins.

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MID Model- Stages

• 1. Conformity
• 2. Dissonance
• 3. Resistance and Immersion
• 4. Introspection
• 5. Synergistic

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Downing and Roush- Feminist Identity

• Downing and Roush developed this theory and idea
  that women living in contemporary society must
  first acknowledge, then struggle with, and work
  through their feelings about discrimination and
  prejudice they experience to achieve an authentic
  and positive feminist identity. The model
  consists of 5 stages.

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Feminist Identity- Stages

• 1. Passive Acceptance
• 2. Revelation
• 3. Embeddedness-Emanation
• 4. Synthesis
• 5. Active Commitment

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Asian American Identity Development and
Acculturation

• Phinney (1990) describes two general models for
  acculturation.
• Bipolar Model- acculturation is conceptualized on
  a continuum with strong embracing of the culture
  of birth and opposite a strong embracing of
  mainstream culture.
• Two-Dimensional Model- the two cultures are not
  mutually exclusive, and identifying with one
  culture is independent of identifying with the
  other.

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Ethnic Minority Acculturation Modes

• Berry (1989) developed modes to cultural
  acculturation
• Assimilation, valuing the majority culture over
  ones own culture
• Separation, preserving ones culture while
  withdrawing from the majority culture
• Marginalization, losing cultural contact and
  identification with ones culture as well as the
  majority culture
• Integration, valuing and integrating ones
  culture as well as the majority culture

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Pilipino American Identity Development

• Nadal (2004) developed a model for Pilipino
  American Identity Development because of a
  distinct history and culture that differentiates
  them from other Asian groups. A non-linear
  6-stage model is proposed to promote proper
  therapeutic treatment.

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Pilipino American Identity Development- Nadal
Model

• Ethnic Awareness
• Assimilation to Dominate Culture
• Social Political Awakening
• Panethnic Asian American Consciousness
• Ethnocentric Realization
• Incorporation

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Hispanic/Latino Identity Development

• Phinney (1989) and Barry (1990) identified five
  components to Hispanic/Latino ethnic identity.
  This process may begin at an early age with the
  individuals first becoming aware of race and
  subsequently becoming aware of ethnicity because
  of the higher level of cognitive ability required.

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Hispanic/Latino Identity Development- Phinney
Barry Model

• Ethnic Self-Identification
• Ethnic Constancy
• Use of Ethnic Role Behaviors
• Ethnic Knowledge
• Ethnic Preferences and Feelings

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Hispanic/Latino American Identity Development

• Ruiz (1990) developed a model from clinical
  cases. The purpose was to identify the
  development stages encountered by
  Hispanic/Latinos in the development of an
  identity. Ruiz viewed the general models of
  racial-ethnic identity development, such as the
  MID Model, as being too broad and not accounting
  for the specific cultural differences embraced by
  the many different Hispanic cultures.

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Hispanic/Latino Identity Development- Ruiz Model

• Casual State
• Consequence Stage
• Working Through Stage
• Successful Resolution Stage

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Native American Indian Identity Development

• Native American Indians are a heterogeneous group
  with over 450 tribes, 150 languages, and
  approximately 1.9 million members. There is no
  generic Native American Indian. There are clan,
  band, and tribal differences as well as family
  and political formations that differ widely
  between groups

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Native American Identity Development- Vance Model

• Vance (1995) noted that there are at least four
  cultural-self definitions employed by Native
  American Indians
• Traditional
• Assimilated
• Transitional
• Bicultural

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ADRESSING Model

• Age
• Disability
• Religion
• Ethnicity
• Socioeconomic Status
• Sexual Orientation
• Indigenous heritage
• National Origin
• Gender

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Therapeutic Problems

• Identifying all people as the same
• Failure to recognize within-group differences
• Strength lies in diagnostic value (not
  recognized)
• Positive contribution acknowledgement of
  sociopolitical influences in shaping minority
  identity

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Additional Problems

• Locus of Control
• Locus of Responsibility