Computer Architecture CSC 345

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Computer Architecture CSC 345

• Dr. Robert Fisher
• Office Hours TTh 1100-1145. Also after
  class.
• Office CSTI 607
• Email bfisher_at_cs.depaul.edu
• Course Web Page
• http//facweb.cs.depaul.edu/bfisher/csc345
• Text
• Computer Organization Architecture
• Designing for Performance, Sixth Edition,2003
• William Stallings
• ISBN 0-13-035119-9

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Architecture Organization

• Architecture refers to those attributes of a
  computer visible to the programmer
• Instruction set, number of bits used for data
  representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
  techniques.
• e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization refers to how the features are
  implemented
• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
• e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it
  done by repeated addition?

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Architecture Organization

• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
  architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
  architecture
• This gives code compatibility
• At least backwards
• Organization differs between different versions

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Structure Function

• Structure is the way in which components relate
  to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
  components as part of the structure

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Function

• In general terms, there are only four computer
  functions
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control

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Functional view
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Operations (1) Data movement
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Operations (2) Storage
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Operation (3) Processing from/to storage
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Operation (4)Processing from storage to I/O
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Structure - Top Level
Computer
Peripherals
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Computer
Systems Interconnection
Input Output
Communication lines
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Structure - The CPU
CPU
Arithmetic and Login Unit
Computer
Registers
I/O
CPU
System Bus
Internal CPU Interconnection
Memory
Control Unit
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Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing Login
ALU
Control Unit
Internal Bus
Control Unit Registers and Decoders
Registers
Control Memory
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Internet Resources- Web site for book

• http//WilliamStallings.com/COA6e.html
• links to sites of interest
• links to sites for courses that use the book
• errata list for book
• information on other books by W. Stallings
• http//WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
• Math
• How-to
• Research resources
• Misc

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ENIAC - background

• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• Eckert and Mauchly
• University of Pennsylvania
• Trajectory tables for weapons
• Started 1943
• Finished 1946
• Too late for war effort
• Used until 1955

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ENIAC - details

• Decimal (not binary)
• 20 accumulators of 10 digits
• Programmed manually by switches
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 30 tons
• 15,000 square feet
• 140 kW power consumption
• 5,000 additions per second

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von Neumann/Turing

• Stored Program concept
• Main memory storing programs and data
• ALU operating on binary data
• Control unit interpreting instructions from
  memory and executing
• Input and output equipment operated by control
  unit
• Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
• IAS
• Completed 1952

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Structure of von Neumann machine
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IAS - details

• 1000 x 40 bit words
• Binary number
• 2 x 20 bit instructions
• Set of registers (storage in CPU)
• Memory Buffer Register
• Memory Address Register
• Instruction Register
• Instruction Buffer Register
• Program Counter
• Accumulator
• Multiplier Quotient

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IAS Instruction Set
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Structure of IAS detail
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Commercial Computers

• 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
• UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
• US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
• Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
• Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
• Faster
• More memory

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IBM

• Punched-card processing equipment
• 1953 - the 701
• IBMs first stored program computer
• Scientific calculations
• 1955 - the 702
• Business applications
• Lead to 700/7000 series

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Transistors

• Replaced vacuum tubes
• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Less heat dissipation
• Solid State device
• Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
• William Shockley et al.

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Transistor Based Computers

• Second generation machines
• NCR RCA produced small transistor machines
• IBM 7000
• DEC - 1957
• Produced PDP-1

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IBM 700/7000 Series
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Microelectronics

• Literally - small electronics
• A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and
  interconnections
• These can be manufactured on a semiconductor
• e.g. silicon wafer

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Generations of Computer

• Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
• Transistor - 1958-1964
• Small scale integration - 1965 on
• Up to 100 devices on a chip
• Medium scale integration - to 1971
• 100-3,000 devices on a chip
• Large scale integration - 1971-1977
• 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
• Very large scale integration - 1978 to date
• 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
• Ultra large scale integration
• Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

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Moores Law

• Increased density of components on chip
• Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel
• Number of transistors on a chip will double every
  year
• Since 1970s development has slowed a little
• Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
• Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
• Higher packing density means shorter electrical
  paths, giving higher performance
• Smaller size gives increased flexibility
• Reduced power and cooling requirements
• Fewer interconnections increases reliability

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Growth in CPU Transistor Count
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IBM 360 series

• 1964
• Replaced ( not compatible with) 7000 series
• First planned family of computers
• Similar or identical instruction sets
• Similar or identical O/S
• Increasing speed
• Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more
  terminals)
• Increased memory size
• Increased cost
• Multiplexed switch structure

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DEC PDP-8

• 1964
• First minicomputer (after miniskirt!)
• Did not need air conditioned room
• Small enough to sit on a lab bench
• 16,000
• 100k for IBM 360
• Embedded applications OEM
• BUS STRUCTURE

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DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure
I/O Module
Main Memory
I/O Module
Console Controller
CPU
OMNIBUS
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Semiconductor Memory

• 1970
• Fairchild
• Size of a single core
• i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
• Holds 256 bits
• Non-destructive read
• Much faster than core
• Capacity approximately doubles each year

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Intel

• 1971 - 4004
• First microprocessor
• All CPU components on a single chip
• 4 bit
• Followed in 1972 by 8008
• 8 bit
• Both designed for specific applications
• 1974 - 8080
• Intels first general purpose microprocessor

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Speeding it up

• Pipelining
• On board cache
• On board L1 L2 cache
• Branch prediction
• Data flow analysis
• Speculative execution

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Performance Mismatch

• Processor speed increased
• Memory capacity increased
• Memory speed lags behind processor speed

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DRAM and Processor Characteristics
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Trends in DRAM use
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Solutions

• Increase number of bits retrieved at one time
• Make DRAM wider rather than deeper
• Change DRAM interface
• Cache
• Reduce frequency of memory access
• More complex cache and cache on chip
• Increase interconnection bandwidth
• High speed buses
• Hierarchy of buses

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Pentium Evolution (1)

• 8080
• first general purpose microprocessor
• 8 bit data path
• Used in first personal computer Altair
• 8086
• much more powerful
• 16 bit
• instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
• 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
• 80286
• 16 Mbyte memory addressable
• up from 1Mb
• 80386
• 32 bit
• Support for multitasking

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Pentium Evolution (2)

• 80486
• sophisticated powerful cache and instruction
  pipelining
• built in maths co-processor
• Pentium
• Superscalar
• Multiple instructions executed in parallel
• Pentium Pro
• Increased superscalar organization
• Aggressive register renaming
• branch prediction
• data flow analysis
• speculative execution

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Pentium Evolution (3)

• Pentium II
• MMX technology
• graphics, video audio processing
• Pentium III
• Additional floating point instructions for 3D
  graphics
• Pentium 4
• Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
• Further floating point and multimedia
  enhancements
• Itanium
• 64 bit
• see chapter 15
• See Intel web pages for detailed information on
  processors

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Program Concept

• Hardwired systems are inflexible
• General purpose hardware can do different tasks,
  given correct control signals
• Instead of re-wiring, supply a new set of control
  signals

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What is a program?

• A sequence of steps
• For each step, an arithmetic or logical operation
  is done
• For each operation, a different set of control
  signals is needed

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Function of Control Unit

• For each operation a unique code is provided
• e.g. ADD, MOVE
• A hardware segment accepts the code and issues
  the control signals
• We have a computer!

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Components

• The Control Unit and the Arithmetic and Logic
  Unit constitute the Central Processing Unit
• Data and instructions need to get into the system
  and results out
• Input/output
• Temporary storage of code and results is needed
• Main memory

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Computer ComponentsTop Level View
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Instruction Cycle

• Two steps
• Fetch
• Execute

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Fetch Cycle

• Program Counter (PC) holds address of next
  instruction to fetch
• Processor fetches instruction from memory
  location pointed to by PC
• Increment PC
• Unless told otherwise
• Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR)
• Processor interprets instruction and performs
  required actions

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Execute Cycle

• Processor-memory
• data transfer between CPU and main memory
• Processor I/O
• Data transfer between CPU and I/O module
• Data processing
• Some arithmetic or logical operation on data
• Control
• Alteration of sequence of operations
• e.g. jump
• Combination of above

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Example of Program Execution
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Instruction Cycle - State Diagram