URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

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URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
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What you will (hopefully!) learn in this session

• What traffic management is
• Why you do it
• How you might enforce it
• What it can achieve
• What it might cost
• (Briefly) how you might implement it

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Structure of session

• Introduction and categorisation of traffic
  management measures
• Focusing in on certain types
• Enforcement exercise
• More details of different types of traffic
  management including costs and what theyve
  achieved
• Group exercise based on arterial street

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DEFINITION OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

• Traffic Management is
• the process of adjusting or adapting the use of
  an existing road (system) to meet specified
  objectives without substantial new road
  construction.
• So strong links to other topics in this and other
  ELTIS workshops
• Cycling
• Safety
• Parking

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So what are some objectives of TM?

• What do you think?

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Categorisation of TM measures

• Public transport priority
• Street management to share space differently or
  make space feel different
• Traffic system optimisation
• Access controls and pricing

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In this session, we concentrate on

• Public transport priority such as
• bus (or tram) lanes,
• better bus stops,
• Public transport (PT) priority at signals,
• PT-only sections of road,
• turns that only PT vehicles can make
• Street management to share space differently or
  make space feel different such as
• Parking regulations
• Wider and more comfortable footways, road
  narrowings, level changes
• Better crossings
• Shared space
• Why only these two categories of measure for this
  training?

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ENFORCEMENT DISCUSSION

• Many TM measures work only with proper
  enforcement but how does proper enforcement
  work for you?
• In multi-national groups of 5 discuss the
  following questions
• Think about a traffic management measure in your
  city that doesnt work well because drivers dont
  comply with (respect) it e.g. a bus lane or a
  parking regulation
• How (well) is the measure enforced? What is the
  penalty for not complying?
• How could you improve compliance with TM measures
  generally?
• Are there any examples of traffic management or
  parking measures in your towns and cities where
  compliance with the measures is good and/or has
  improved recently? How is this achieved?

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FIRST OF ALL. MAKING STREETS FEEL DIFFERENT
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Footways and simple crossings

• Ideally, smooth wide walking space free from
  obstructions
• Clear safe frequent crossing points
• Dropped kerbs and tactile paving - 1300 per pair
• Rebuilt footway 20-150 per sq m
• Building footway into road space - 50-200 per
  sq m

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Slightly more expensive crossings
Signalled crossings with raised road surface -
25000 Painted signed crossings - 3000 (but
dont forget dropped kerbs unless you have)
entry treatments on side road junctions
priority to pedestrians - 7000 maybe with
widened footway/narrowed junction mouth
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Pedestrianisation

• Pedestrianisation it is nice but its not cheap
• UK costs 800,000 to 1.3 million per 100m of
  street!
• Spain - 300,000

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Signage

• Cheap and effective if compliance/enforcement
  good
• One way streets for cars two way for bikes and/or
  buses
• 30 kph zones
• Sign and pole cost 120 plus installation
• Parking restrictions signs and painted lines _at_
  0.70 per m
• Parking ticket machines 7,000 (but you could use
  SMS parking payment)
• Would this work in your city?

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30 kph zones (with speed cushions)
Slow cars but not buses 1000-1500 per cushion
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Minimum widths (UK)

• Traffic lane, no parking 2.8m
• Traffic lane with parking 4.5m
• Cycle lane on street 1m (sometimes 0.8m)
• One-way cycle path off-street 2.5m
• Two way cycle path off-street 3.5m
• Footway for pedestrians depends on flow but
  absolute minimum 1m, comfortable minimum in
  low-flow situations 2.5m

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Shared space

• Costs as for pedestrianisation
• Effects reduces accidents, improves local
  economy, and enhances traffic flow
• Lets watch some videos

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EXAMPLES ADONIS Project(4th Framework) Local
street improvements
ADONIS Final Report Pages 40 and 41
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EXAMPLES ADONIS Project (4th Framework) Local
street improvements
ADONIS Final Report Pages 22 and 40
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Impacts of such measures

• One example CIVITAS Burgos (ES) access
  restrictions
• 4 square km in city centre
• All with access restrictions (bollards) 25
  completely pedestrianised
• Results
• 25 reduction in CO2 levels in the historical
  centre
• 30 reduction in vehicles circulating including
  20 in HGVs
• Road safety

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Economic impacts of traffic management

• Specifically, impacts of shared space,
  streetscape improvements, parking management,
  pedestrianisation
• See Whitehead et al (2006) left and Sandahl
  and Lindh (1995) below

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SECONDLY PRIORITY FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT
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(No Transcript)
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What is PT priority 1

• Any physical measure on the highway which
  protects PT vehicles from or allows them to
  bypass congested sections of road
• Any physical measure on the road which protects
  PT vehicles from the effects of parked vehicles
• Hierarchy of measures from turning ban exemptions
  through to full segregation (tram or busway)
• Is it giving capacity to public transport?

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Effect of PT lane on junction capacity
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What is PT priority 2

• Turning ban exemptions and entry restrictions
• With-flow bus lanes
• Contra-flow bus lanes

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What is PT priority 3

• Bus advance areas
• Bus only streets
• Bus boarders

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Does PT priority work?

• Uxbridge Rd, London
• 42km route 2-way, of which 6 km bus lane
• Excess waiting time down 30 in 3 years 1993-1996
• Pax numbers up 20
• Burdett Rd, London (bus lane and pre-signals)
  1990 to 1995
• SB am peak 411 seconds down to 397
• SB pm peak 735 seconds down to 398
• SB am peak 578 seconds down to 575
• SB am peak 1100 seconds down to 517

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Does PT priority work?

• Route 220, London
• 1993-1995 14.5 reduction in journey time
• Patronage increased by 10
• 3.7 of new passengers transferred from car
• Bath Rd, Bristol, bus lanes 1992
• Before average journey time 214, after 123
• SD down from 55 to 138

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EXAMPLES CAPTURE Project (4th Framework)
Bucharest Physical Measures
Implementing a public transport lane on one side
of a 600 metres corridor together with stop
platform facilities
CAPTURE Deliverable 8 Page 1.159
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EXAMPLES INCOME Project(4th Framework) Public
Transport Priority UTC London
Sample SPRINT Strategy Saving in Average Bus Delay (Secs/Junction)
Main Road Links Green Extensions only Green Extensions and recalls 1.8 2.0
Side Road Links Green Extensions only Green Extensions and recalls 2.4 6.4
All Links Green Extensions only Green Extensions and recalls 1.9 2.9
INCOME - Annex A to Final Report Technical
Description, Results and Recommendations, Page A7
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EXAMPLES INCOME Project(4th Framework) - Public
Transport Priority UTC Gothenburg
Emergency Vehicle Priority - The escape route
along Engelbrektsgatan and the effects on cycle
time and green splits from the ACL impact
ACL impact at intersection 16 Cycle Time Green Split (s)
Before emergency priority (mid-day) 72 s 26 s
During emergency priority (mid-day) 95 s 65 s
Difference 32 150
INCOME - Annex A to Final Report Technical
Description, Results and Recommendations, Page A35
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EXAMPLES INCOME Project (4th Framework) -
London Integration of Public Transport Priority
and AVL
INCOME - Final Report Pages 13,14
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Enforcing PT priority

• Colour bus lanes
• Use police traffic wardens
• Automatic enforcement
• Decriminalise
• Allow camera enforcement
• Roadside CCTV and on-bus used in London
• Croydon used CCTV, issued 47175 tickets
• Non-compliance down by gt90
• Newham down by gt74

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Implementing PT priority

• ID problems
• queues, delays, boarding difficulties
• ID opportunities
• wide roads one-way systems places to re-route
• Outline design - consider
• Operating hours
• Parking restrictions
• Requirements for equipment on buses
• Police resources
• Consultation

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Going beyond bus priority

• Total route treatment e.g. Route 43, London
• Nicer buses
• Better stops and access to stops
• Priority (inc. at signals)
• Rationalisation of on-street loading
• Better enforcement
• Driver training
• Decent road surface
• Marketing and information
• Good operational management
• Extended to 70 routes over next 3 years - 200
  million

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Example of arterial street a bit like yours