Chapter%209%20Society%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20Early%20Republic

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Chapter 9Society and Politics in the Early
Republic

• The American People, 6th ed.

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I. A Nation of Regions
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The Northeast

• The Northeast region stretched from eastern
  Pennsylvania and New Jersey to New England.
• Small family farms dotted the landscape and
  produced a surplus of goods.
• People used the barter system for economic
  exchanges. Cash was rare.
• The demand for heating fuel quickly depleted the
  regions forests.

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The South

• The South stretch from Maryland to Georgia along
  the coast, and west to the newly forming states
  of Alabama and Mississippi.
• Planters had experimented with a number of
  grains, but had little success until cotton was
  imported from Europe.
• The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 allowed
  one laborer to clean up to 50 pounds of cotton a
  day.

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Trans-Appalachia

• The Trans-Appalachia region consisted of the
  lands west of established white settlement known
  as the backcountry or frontier.
• Settlers, drawn by the promotions of land
  speculators, moved west into the region in
  astounding numbers between 1790 and 1810.

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The Nations Cities

• Although most Americans lived on the land or in
  small villages, a growing number chose to live in
  the expanding cities.
• The most aggressive urban growth was found in the
  Northeast due to established ports of commerce
  and booming economy.
• In Trans-Appalachia, cities like Chicago and
  Pittsburg began to spring up along the Great
  Lakes and interior rivers.
• Cities were relatively small, dangerous, and
  unhealthy.

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Indian-White Relations in the Early Republic
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The Goals of Indian Policy

• From 1790 to 1830, the federal government
  established policies toward Native Americans
  ostensibly to integrate them into white society.
• The Indians refusal to view themselves as a
  conquered people forced the government to deal
  with the tribes through land treaties.
• Illegal infringement of tribal lands rarely
  ceased, always in the benevolent guise of
  education or Christianization.

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Perfecting a Democratic Society
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The Revolutionary Heritage

• Social reform was inspired by the democratic
  ideals of the Revolution.
• Americans accepted the ideal of differences in
  wealth or social standing but could not tolerate
  the suggestion that such differences made some
  people better than others.

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Race, Slavery, and the Limits of Reform

• In the South, the aggressive growth of cotton
  cultivation made the price of slave labor
  skyrocket.
• Antislavery appeals from abolitionists all but
  disappeared, even from once-vehement religious
  groups and the nations capital.
• Antislavery reform also weakened in the Northeast.

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The End of Neo-Colonialism
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The War of 1812

• War Hawks of Congress had tolerated enough of
  Britains presence on American soil.
• President Madison finally asked Congress for a
  declaration of war on June 1, 1812.
• British forces occupied Washington in 1814,
  burning the Capital and presidential mansion.
• Hostilities ended by the Treaty of Ghent on
  Christmas Eve, 1814.

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The United States and the Americas

• President Monroe issued an 1823 statement on
  Latin America, known today as the Monroe
  Doctrine
• The American colonies were closed to new
  exploration.
• The political systems of the Americas were
  separate from those of Europe
• The United States would consider hostile any
  influence from European powers.
• The United States would refrain from interference
  in established colonies in the New World.

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Knitting a Nation Together
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Conquering Distance

• The beginnings of the transportation revolution
  helped to bring the nation together.
• Travel and circulation of the printed word were
  the only ways of communicating across space.
• New turnpikes, construction of the National Road,
  canal building, and advances in steam-powered
  ships helped quicken the spread of news.

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Strengthening American Nationalism

• National pride during this era was shaped by the
  War of 1812 and the religious revivalism of the
  Second Great Awakening.
• Also important were landmark decisions by the
  Supreme Court regarding judicial review and
  supremacy of the federal government over the
  states.

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The Specter of Sectionalism

• Despite the rampant nationalism following the War
  of 1812, political unity in the nation was
  fragile.
• Most divisive was the issue of slavery in the
  vast, new territory west of the Mississippi
  River.
• Again, a compromise avoided disaster. The new
  state of Missouri was admitted to the Union as a
  slave state and Maine was admitted as a free
  state.

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VI. Politics in Transition
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The Demise of the Federalists

• Following the War of 1812, the Federalists were
  plagued by accusations of disloyalty.
• Federalists continued to believe that political
  leadership should be restricted to the wise and
  the good.
• An increasingly hostile electorate eschewed
  traditional Federalist values and continued to
  turn to the party of Jefferson.

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Division Among the Jeffersonians

• During the early years of the nineteenth century,
  the Jeffersonian Republicans monopolized the
  nations presidency and legislature.
• Their success was largely due to the decline of
  the Federalists.
• Trying to appeal to a broad base of Americans,
  Madisons administration began a program of
  nationally sponsored economic development through
  road and canal construction, protective tariffs,
  and the creation of the second Bank of the United
  States. Collectively, this plan was called the
  American System and began to draw criticism
  immediately.

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Collapse of the Federalist-Jefferson Party System

• The final collapse of the party system was
  triggered by the election of 1824.
• For the first time in years, there was active
  competition for the presidency from all
  directions.
• After voting, none of the candidates received a
  majority, and a subsequent vote by the House
  elected John Quincy Adams even though Adams had
  trailed in original electoral votes.
• As a result, Adams served his presidency under a
  cloud of suspicion and party politics began a
  process of realignment.

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