INDOOR AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AND POLICY

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INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONSOURCES AND POLICY

• Peter Brimblecombe
• University of East Anglia
• Norwich UK

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A RECENT SCIENCE

• There is much confusion in the literature as to
  whether this is a recent process or not
• The problem is ancient - weapons of Odysseus
• Concern is long term e.g. smoky fireplaces
• Scientific study recent

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SINUSITIS

• Common in Saxon times

Often related to lack of chimneys
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INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS

• Bioemmisions (MVOCs)

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INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

• Historically very important
• Increasing time in indoor environment
• Sensitive populations indoors
• elderly, young and ill
• Monitors outside!
• Lower ventilation rates - energy savings
• Novel building materials - outgas

also poverty and gender issues
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FORMALDEHYDE
DISCIPLINARY TRENDS
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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VULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORS POVERTY AND GENDER
ISSUES
Women and children exposed in kitchen Poor
people experience higher pollution indoors
Heated interiors- La Pintana, Santiago

• Coal
• PM10 250 ?g m-3
• CO 42 ppm
• SO2 192 ppb

• Firewood
• PM10 489 ?g m-3
• CO 57 ppm
• SO2 295 ppb

Kerosene and gas less mutagenic PAH...
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AGE ISSUES
Climate change and increasing ozone? PARIS OZONE
AND HEATWAVE 2003

• Social change young people on holiday old
  people in city
• Little community or health support
• Poor knowledge
• Home is safe

Smogn Paris ( 400 000 morts prématurées en
Europe, chaque année)
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INTERIORS

• Ethanol 590ppb - beverages, baking
• Acetone 24ppb - smoking, metabolism
• Toluene 18ppb - smoking, fuel
• Formaldehyde 7ppb - smoking, cleaning
• Acetic acid 6ppb - meals, cleaning
• Nicotine 2ppb - smoking
• Organochlorines - showers

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• Mineral fibres
• Micro-organisms
• Legionella
• Radon

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DOMESTIC POLLUTANTS

• Outdoor pollutants
• Combustion products
• heating
• exciting cooking

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FRAGRANCES and TOILETRIES

• Nitro-musks
• Talc
• Terpenes

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PARTICLES IN THE PARIS METRO
role of iron wheels, rails and brakes and Fe
may be 280 ?g m-3 (80)
?g m-3
S. Mazoue et al (2001)
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AIRCRAFT CABINS (A310/A340)

• Much complaint about re-circulation
• Tourist class syndromes
• No increase in particles in recirculated air
• Increase in bacteria, but non-pathogenic
• VOCs OK. Ethanol highest!
• Ground engine exhaust/fuel
• Smoking

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POLLUTANTS INDOORS
NO2 ppb
Nitrogen dioxide penetration at the Dreadnought
Collection
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INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS

• Very unifying concept that compares interiors
• gt1 indoor source
• lt1 indoor loss mechanisms
• O3 and SO2 very effective loss

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NO2 INDOOROUTDOOR RATIOS

• Museum of London 0.18 a/c filtration
• Correr (winter) 0.43 closed windows
• Residenz, Wurzburg 0.62
• Kunsthistorisches Museum 0.64
• Correr (summer) 0.75 open windows
• SCVA (winter) 0.79
• VA, London 0.99
• SCVA (summer) 1.32

I/O Ac/(Vd(S/V)Ac)
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INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOS

• Very unifying concept that compares interiors
• gt1 indoor source
• lt1 indoor loss mechanisms
• O3 and SO2 very effective loss

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INDOOR AIR CHEMISTRY
Indoor reactions can elevate summer NO2
concentrations
Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts
AER project studied air chemistry in museum
environments
DG XII ENV4-CT95-0088
SYNERGISMS
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INDOOR/OUTDOOR NO2
0.79 winter 1.32 summer-autumn
HIGH AIR FLOW 3.0 changes/hour
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SECONDARY EMISSIONS

• NO2 with surfaces
• O3 reaction fabrics

NO2
HONO
pH dependent
RAYCHAUDHURI M and BOWDEN D UEA
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OZONE REACTIONS WITH SURFACES

• Paints
• formaldehyde
• Carpets and counter tops
• a range of aldehydes, especially nonanal

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AIR CONDITIONING EMISSIONS

• These reflect uptake and emissions
• Dominance of some characteristic aldehydes
• hexanal
• nonanal

Hyttinen et al Atmos Env 2006
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SYMPTOMS AND REACTIONS

• Concentrations of VOCs typically too low to
  explain SBS
• Reactions
• Dependency

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CAFE

• may abandon the pollutant by pollutant
  approach
• preoccupied with ozone and particles
• problems with indoor sources

How do you regulate such heterogeneous interiors?
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INDOOR CHALLENGES

• Heterogeneity and monitoring
• Often indoor air not same governmental agency as
  outdoor air
• Department of Health or Housing or Safety or
  Industry or
• even Cultural Heritage
• Sub-critical concentrations
• Sick building syndrome - sociological context
• Personal freedom

and it seems an environment we can control.
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DEPOSITION VELOCITY Vd

• Fundamental parameter to describe indoor removal
  rate...

Vd (1/Va 1/Vs )-1
1/Va aerodynamic resistance 1/Vs surface
resistance
Note resistance is the reciprocal of velocity...
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FORMALDEHYDE IN JAPANESE HOMES

• Gamma distribution

Park et al Indoor Air 2004