Status of Air Quality Management in Phnom Penh City, Cambodia

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Status of Air Quality Management in Phnom Penh
City, Cambodia
Launch Meeting on Cambodia And Laos Initiative
for Building Human Resources for the Environment
(CALIBRE) Project May 08 09, 2008 Goldiana
Hotel, Phnom Penh Cambodia By Kok Sothea, MSc.
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Contents
Introduction
1
General Emission Sources in PNH
2
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
3
Air Quality Monitoring
4
Researches related to Air Pollution
5
Conclusion
6
Possible Future Research at DES
7
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Introduction-Phnom Penhs Profile

• Location Phnom Penh
• Area 375 Km2
• Administrative 7 Khans (districts)
• and 76 Sangkats (communes)
• Population more than 1.2 million with 3.9
  growth rate
• Population Density 3,460 persons/Km2
• Climate Monsoon
• Industry 8 power plants and 251 factories
• Motors over 400,000 and
• 140,000 all kinds of automobiles

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Introduction

• Air Pollution the presence in the outdoor and/or
  indoor air of one or more contaminants or
  combinations in such concentration and duration,
  sufficient to produce measurable adverse effects
  on human beings, animals, vegetation or
  materials.
• The ambient air quality in Cambodia is locally a
  growing concern. The swift industrial and urban
  development in certain areas in Cambodia,
  particularly in Phnom Penh (PHN) city, has
  produced the air pollution dilemma.

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General Picture on Emission Sources

• The ambient air quality in the urban part of
  Cambodia has been affected by
• industrialization,
• increasing number of transport vehicles,
• heavy use of fossil fuels in the energy sector
• continued use of biomass fuels for cooking and
  heating
• solid waste burning practices

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National Ambient Air Quality Standard
The Royal Government of Cambodia has adopted a
sub-decree control on Air Pollution and Noise
Disturbances (42 ANK/BK) with provision on air
quality control and noise disturbance by
producing standards for emissions
Pollutants (mg/m3) Averaging Time Averaging Time Averaging Time Averaging Time
Pollutants (mg/m3) 1hr 8hr 24hr Annual
CO 40 20 - -
NO2 0.3 - 0.1 -
SO2 0.5 - 0.3 0.1
O3 0.2 - - -
Pb - - 0.005 -
TSP - - 0.33 0.1
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Air Quality Monitoring

• Automatic monitoring (online) stations do not
  exist
• MoE has 4 ground level monitoring stations
  through the city namely, Toul Kork (NW), Monivong
  Bridge (SE), Olympic Stadium (Central) and
  Central Market (NE)
• CO, SO2 and NOx are monthly collected and
  measured by using passive samplers
• Pb and other potentially dangerous substances are
  not being monitored

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Measured Pollutants Concentration in PHN, 2005
(MoE, 2006)
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Researches Related to Air Pollution

• (1) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh city (Nov 2000 -
  Feb 2002), conducted by Department of Hygience,
  Yokohama City University and Department of
  Pollution Control, Ministry of Environment,
  Cambodia.
• (2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh concentration
  and chemical composition of ambient particles
  (March May 2005) conducted by the Kanazawa
  University, Japan and Department of Geology,
  Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, Cambodia
• (3) Emission Inventory and Modeling for Air
  Quality Management in Phnom Penh City (2007)
  conducted by Sothea, Department of Environmental
  Science, RUPP

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(1) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh

• NO2, CO, SO2 and SPM were monitored by using a
  passive tube sampler and high volume sampler,
  respectively.
• C0 2 mg/m3, SO2 50 µg/m3, NO2 26.8 µg/m3
  and SPM 0.41 mg/m3
• This research confirmed that for most of the
  pollutants are still below the national
  standards, except the SPM which were found to be
  higher than the standard.

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(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh Concentration
and Chemical
Heavy Metal Concentration
PAH concentration
TSP concentration in day and night Sampling
period
Sampling Site in Phnom Penh City
Average PAHs Concentration at varius city
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(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh Concentration
and Chemical

• Samples of ambient particulates were taken at
  three different sites in Phnom Penh and
  concentrations of TSP, PAHs and heavy metals were
  compared to discuss the influence of day and
  night, location and country dependencies.
• 1) The average concentration of PAHs per
  particle mass in Phnom Penh was about 2.5 times
  higher during the night. This may be due to
  emissions from electric generators, kerosene for
  light and biomass fuel for cooking.
• 2) PAHs concentration and partitioning of PAHs
  in the residential area were similar to the
  central downtown but less concentration of NO2
  indicating less influence of traffic.

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(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh Concentration
and Chemical

• 3) The PAHs concentrations in Phnom Penh were
  extremely high and the partitioning of PAHs are
  similar to cities in Thailand 6 times higher
  than Bangkok and 40 times higher than that in
  Kanazawa, Japan.

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(3) EI Modeling for UAQM in PNH

• Develop an emission inventory for air pollution
  in Phnom Penh city and to assess the air
  pollution load from different source types
• Apply a modeling system to produce the overall
  picture of air quality in the city
• Propose measures for improvement
• on AQM for the city

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Research Methodology
Recommendations
Model Simulation (MUAIR)
Emission Reduction Scenarios for Traffic Emission
EI Development Meteorological Data Preparation
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Emission Inventory in 2005
Sources Pollutants (Tons/Year) Pollutants (Tons/Year) Pollutants (Tons/Year) Pollutants (Tons/Year) Pollutants (Tons/Year)
Sources SOx NOx CO SPM VOC
Industry 918 1,230 169 195 98
Mobile Source 488 7,600 36,250 539 6,290
Residential Cooking 25 33 4,440 1,620 2,830
Service Sector 9 26 159 12 35
Solid Waste Burning 4 26 366 70 57
Gasoline Station - - - - 456
Paved Road - - - 877 -
Unpaved Road - - - 1,770 -
Total 1,440 8,920 41,380 5,080 9,760
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First Highest Hourly CO Concentration in 2005
CO concentration of 44 mg/m3, located in the city
center
High population density, traffic and emission load
Base year with all sources combined
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Quantitative Evaluation

• Higher CO concentration from monitoring data
• Actual vehicle greater than 35 than registered
  vehicle
• Monitoring concentration measure at a specific
  locations and model results are grid-averaged
• Constant emissions rate are used
• Meteorological data are extrapolated from 3h
  average

Maximum concentration
Minimum concentration
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Qualitative Evaluation
Flow Direction
Highest CO concentration occur in the first day
of March at 2200 hrs with wind-speed less than 1
m/s and at a stable condition
05 3 2 19 0.0 0 302.2 6
05 3 2 20 0.0 0 302.2 6
05 3 2 21 0.0 0 302.2 6
05 3 2 22 0.0 0 298.9 6
05 3 2 23 0.0 0 298.9 6
05 3 2 24 0.0 0 298.9 6
05 3 3 1 202.5 1 298.3 6
Thus, MUAIR produces CO concentration in a
reasonable agreement with monitoring data and
following the pattern as well as emission
distribution.
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CO Emission Loads Under Scenarios
Maximum emission load
No effort to reduce the emission
Significant CO emission reduction
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Other Pollutants Emissions Under Scenarios
High NOx emission 26,070 tons
High VOC emission reduction 7,410 tons
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Maximum CO concentration under scenarios
Exceeding the standard of 40 mg/m3
Bring in a very significant CO reduction ? CO
concentration under the acceptable level
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Conclusions

• Chemical composition of SPM is a major concern
  for the city of PHN
• Emissions from mobile sources are a major
  contributor to the air pollution in PHN,
  therefore priority should be given to control
  these emissions.
• Maximum hourly CO concentration for all sources
  emissions approached 44 mg/m3 which exceed the
  NAAQS of Cambodia of 40mg/m3.
• The CO concentration level will increase from two
  to three times under BAU from 2005 to 2020.
• The MTS option shows a satisfactory reduction of
  CO concentration within period from 2005 to 2020.

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Possible Future Research at DES

• The proposal has been submitted for a grant from
  SIDA for the topic Improving Air Quality in
  Cambodia with the following objectives
• To conduct ground level monitoring for PM2.5 and
  its composition for source apportionment study by
  receptor modeling
• To develop/update the emission inventory for
  Phnom Penh city
• To use modeling tools for air quality management
  to develop management strategies
• To contribute to development of the national air
  quality management policies with consideration of
  regional air quality issue including LRT

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Thank You!