Be able to understand and apply the proper level of politeness or humbleness in giving and receiving

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JPN 105 Lesson 10 Objectives

• Be able to understand and apply the proper
  level of politeness or humbleness in giving and
  receiving situations.
• Be aware of transitive and intransitive verbs.
• Be aware of honorific forms in Japanese.

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Giving and Receiving

• Japanese has several words for expressing the
  meaning of giving and receiving.
• Choosing the proper word involves the relative
  status of the giver and receiver as well as the
  direction of the action (i.e., giving TO and
  receiving FROM).
• The te form is used with verbs such as ageru
  (to give) and morau (to receive) in
  giving/receiving situations.
• For simplicity in presentation and
  understanding we will look at three pairs of
  verbs used to indicate the correct level of
  politeness .

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Receiving Verbs kudaru/kureru

• kudaru and kureru are used to describe the
  situation where someone is giving something to
  you, the speaker, or to someone in your
  in-group.

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Receiving Verbs kudaru

• kudasai is the polite command form of kudaru and
  means please give . . . to me, please do
  something (for me). It is usually used for
  expressing a request on the speakers part
• After noun o
• kono jaketto to zubon o kudasai
• Please give me this jacket and these slacks
• After te form of verb
• sensei wa teinei ni Nihongo o oshite kudasaimasu
• The teacher teaches me Japanese respectfully
• After nai-form of verb de
• mada ikanai de kudasai
• Please dont leave yet

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Receiving Verbs kureru

• kureru is a humble verb that means give
  (something), do (something) for. It is used
  to express the giving of something to the
  speaker or to their family member (the first
  person is never the subject). Kudasaru may be
  substituted with persons of higher status or to
  whom the speaker wishes to show respect
• After object o
• kanojo wa watashi no tanjoobi ni suteki na
  purezento o kuremashita
• She gave me a nice present for my birthday

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Receiving Verbs kureru - Continued

• The recipient can be second person with a past
  tense verb or in a simple question
• kare denwa o kuremashita ka
• Did he give you a call?
• After te-form of verb
• kanojo ga oishii ryoori o tsukutte kuremashita
• She prepared a delicious dish for me

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Giving Verbs ageru/sashiageru

• ageru and sashiageru are used to describe
  situations such as I give, he gives.

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Giving Verbs ageru

• ageru is a verb meaning give (something to a
  person who is either of equal or lower status),
  do (something for that kind of person)
• Yaru is very informally used instead of ageru.
• After a noun o
• kono hon o agemasu
• I give you this book
• After te form of verb
• kanojo ni nekkuresu o katte agemashita
• I bought a necklace for her
• (I bought and gave a necklace to her)

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Giving Verbs sashiageru

• sashiageru is used with a person of higher status
  or to whom the speaker wishes to show respect.
  The example sentences are the same as those show
  for ageru, but use the more respectful
  sashiageru
• kono hon o sashiagemasu.
• I give this book to you (respectful)
• kanojo ni nekkuresu o katte sashiagemashita
• I bought a necklace for her (respectful)

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Receiving Verbs morau/itadaku

• morau and itadaku are used to express the act of
  receiving

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Receiving Verbs morau

• morau means get, be given, receive, have
  (something) done, get (somebody) to do
  (something), get benefit (from somebody) doing
  something.
• Subject is usually the first person or their
  family members, but can also be the second person
  in questions.
• The potential form, moraeru, is often used in
  questions.
• After object noun o
• Amerika ni iru yuujin kara tegami o
  moraimashita
• I received a letter from my friend in
  America.

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Receiving Verbs morau - Continued

• After te-form of verb
• minna kyooshitsu o sooji shite moraimasu.
• I will get you to clean the classroom.
• Compare the above first person subject with the
  following second person subject
• Sono hon o misete kuremasu ka
• Will you show me the book?
• (The subject you does the favor for the
  object me)

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Receiving Verbs itadaku

• itadaku is a respectful verb meaning be given,
  get, receive, eat, have (something) done.
• itadaku or its potential form, itadakeru, is used
  instead of morau when receiving something from
  someone of higher status or to who the speaker
  wishes to show respect.
• After object o
• Sensei ni sakubun o mite itadakimashita
• I had my composition looked through by the
  teacher
• Kore o itadakitai no desu ga
• Id like to have this

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Receiving Verbs itadaku - Continued

• After te form of verb
• soo shite itadakimasu
• Ill have you do so
• (I hope youll kindly do so)
• kono genkoo o mite itadakemasu ka
• Would you look through this manuscript (for me)?

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Putting It All Together

• The following diagram consolidates the preceding
  information into a single diagram.
• Reminder you should not attempt to use these
  verbs until you thoroughly understand them the
  forms we have studied in Japanese 100 and 105
  will be adequate for most uses.

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Giving and Receiving Verbs as Auxiliary Verbs

• The giving and receiving verbs are often used as
  auxiliaries after the te form of other verbs.
• When used this way the relationship between the
  giver and receiver is the same as previously
  described.
• This construction can be used with tangible as
  well as intangible concepts
• Haha ga watashi ni bangohan o tsukutte
  kuremashita
• My mother made dinner for me

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Giving and Receiving Verbs as Auxiliary Verbs -
Continued

• Yamamoto-san no okaasan ga watashi ni seetaa o
  ande kudasaimashita
• Ms. Yamamotos mother knitted me a sweater
• Ishimoto-san ga Jon-san ni sore o katte
  agemashita
• Ms. Ishimoto bought it for John
• Suzuki-san wa shachoo ni nekutai o katte
  sashiagemashita
• Ms. Suzuki bought a necktie for the company
  president

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Special Honorific and Verb Humble Forms

• There are special humble and honorific forms for
  some verbs. We have already seen some of these
  in the lesson expressions
• Verb Honorific Humble
• iku (to go) irassharu mairu
• kuru (to come) irassharu mairu
• iru (to be) irassharu oru
• suru (to do) nasaru itasu
• iu (to say) ossharu moosu
• taberu (to eat) meshiagaru itadaku
• miru (to see) goran ni naru haiken suru

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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

• Verbs that do not or cannot take a direct object
  are intransitive verbs (vi.).
• Verbs that can take a direct object are called
  transitive verbs (vt.)
• Objects are mainly followed by particles o, wa,
  ni or ga.
• The object before any Japanese transitive verb
  can be freely dropped
• denki o keshimasu ka Shall I turn off the
  light?
• kesanaide kudasai Please dont turn (it) off

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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs - Continued

• There are many pairs of transitive/intransitive
  verbs in Japanese.
• Here are a few
• Intransitive (No object)
  Transitive (Takes object)
• agaru (to go up) ageru (to
  raise)
• aku (to open) akeru (to
  open)
• deru (to go out) dasu (to
  let out)
• hajimaru (to begin) hajimeru (to
  begin)
• kieru (to be put out) kesu
  (to put out)
• kaeru (to go back) kaesu (to let
  go back)
• magaru (to bend) mageru (to
  bend)
• mazaru (to be mixed) mazeru (to
  mix)
• mitsukaru (to be found) mitsukeru (to
  find)
• nokoru (to be left over) nokosu (to
  leave)