Lecture 32: Counter-Terrorism: Internal American Response

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Lecture 32 Counter-TerrorismInternal
American Response Its Cost

• 7th May 2003 (Wednesday)

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Original Guest Speaker

• From the US Consulate of Hong Kong
• http//www.usconsulate.org.hk/
• Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001
  http//www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2001/pdf/
• Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002
  http//www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/pdf/
• Israeli Film Festival Desperado Square
• 13/5 (Tue)715pm Hong Kong City Hall Theatre
• 18/5 (Sun)230pm Hong Kong Space Museum Lecture
  Hall

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Structure of Lecture 32

• Introduction
• Key Terms Definitions
• Domestic Settings of National Emergencies
• Administrative Reconstruction after 911
• New McCarthyism and Violation of Human Rights
  after 911?
• Conclusion
• Why is the Cost Neglected?

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PART I Introduction Key Term Definitions

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Key Terms Definitions

• Anti-Terrorism
• Fundamentally Opposing Against Terrorism
• As an Agenda
• E.g. Anti-Terror Coalition
• Counter-Terrorism
• Physically Fighting Back Against Terrorism
• As an Action Plan
• E.g. Office of Counter-Terrorism

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Natures of Anti-Terrorism Today

• As a National Agenda of USA
• Agenda of Internal Policies, Foreign Policies,
  Economic Policies, Social Policies, Cultural
  Policies
• As an Ideology American Patriotism
• Comparison with Anti-Communism in the Cold War
• As a Propaganda Tool
• The World of Black and White
• As an Action Plan Counter-Terrorism

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PART IIDomestic Settings in National
Emergencies
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Nature of National Emergencies

• Crises Affecting People of the Whole Nation
• Require a Combination of Political/ Diplomatic/
  Military/ Economic/ Social Reactions
• Led by Political Leaders
• Require an Esprit de Corps/ Patriotism to Unite
  the Whole Nation
• Led by Ideological/ Religious Leaders
• ?Politics and Ideology are Interlocked

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Implications of the Political- Ideological
Alliance

• Limitation of Political Freedom
• Sacrifice of Human Rights to National
  Interests/
• National Sponsor of Ideology
• Sacrifice of Ideological Freedom to Patriotism
• Difference between Nationalism and
  Patriotism Who to Define if the Subjects Love
  their Country?
• ? Blurring Domains of Political Leaders and
  Ideological Leaders
• Rightist Christians in the Bush Administration
• Political Appointment of Ideological/ Religious
  Leaders

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Case I WWII (1939-1945)

• America Joined WWII after the Pearl Harbor
  Incident (Dec 1941)
• Anti-Fascism as the National Agenda AND Patriotic
  Ideology
• Anglo-American Alliance
• USs Stupid Investment in Chiang Kai-sheks
  Government in China
• Illegal Detention of American Japanese on the
  West Coast Concentration Camps
• 4-term Re-election of President Franklin
  Roosevelt (FDR)

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Case II McCarthyism (1950s)

• Cold War between Capitalism and Communism
• Anti-Communism as the National Agenda AND
  Patriotic Ideology
• Senator Joseph McCarthy (the Bad McCarthy)
  Started the Random Allegation against Communist
  Spies in the 1950s
• CIA Head Hoover in the McCarthy Years
• Ronald Reagan in the McCarthy Years
• Documents to Pledge Allegiance to the US
  Government

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Victims of McCarthyism

• Witchhunt and the Red Terror
• Politicians (e.g. Condemnation of Harley and
  Marshall)
• Scientists (e.g. Execution of Julius and Ethel
  Rosenburgs)
• Hollywood (e.g. Exile of Elia Kazan)
• ? The New McCarthyism before 911?
• Witchhunt and the Yellow Terror?
• ? The New McCarthyism after 911?
• Witchhunt and the Green Terror?
• Revival of Religious Statements on Both Sides

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PART IIIThe Administrative Reconstruction of USA
after 911
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Homeland as the New Battleland

• Previous Wars
• Battle Front
• Home Front
• WWI Memoirs as an Example Dichotomization of
  Trench Lives and Home Lives in One Day
• 911
• Battle Front Home Front
• Nowhere is Safe?!
• ? Homeland Security in a Battling Format

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Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

• Office of Homeland Security (Sept 2001)
• ? Department of Homeland Security Act of 2002
• ? DHS Established 24th January 2003
• Greatest Transformation of US Government since
  1947
• 1947 President Truman merged Various Armed
  Forces into Department of Defense
• 22 Disparate Government Agencies into ONE
• Customs, FBI, Coast Guard, Immigration and
  Naturalization
• The Czar
• Head Governor Tom Ridge of Pennsylvania
• Budget 2003 US 3.5Billion

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Aims of DHS

• Protecting the Nation against Further Terrorist
  Attack
• To Analyze Threats and Intelligence
• To Guard Our Borders and Airports
• To Protect Our Critical Infrastructure
• To Coordinate the Response of Our Nation for
  Future Emergencies
• Protecting the Rights of American Citizens
• Enhancing Public Services
• E.g. Natural Disaster Assistance and Citizenship
  Services
• http//www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/
• No Homeland Terrorist Attack after 911 and the
  Anthrax Scary DHS Effective or Not??

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Homeland Security Advisory System

• GreenBlueYellowOrangeRed
• Similar Alert Systems in Different Countries
• From Internal Alert to Public Alert
• Real Alert?
• Political Statement?
• From Yellow to Orange in the Iraqi War

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USA PATRIOT Act (Oct 2001)

• Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing
  Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and
  Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act
• Passed by Congress Oct 2001
• Legalization of Spying and Excessive Intelligence
  Activities

• May 8th 630pm LTB
• Prof. Leo Lee (?????)
• Prof. Leonard Chan (?????)
• Mr. Lam Pui Lei (?????)
• Mr. Mak Siu Fai (?????)

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Details of Spying Activities

• In terms of Anti-Espionage and Anti-Subversion
• Federation Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
• Central Intelligent Service (CIA)
• UK MI5, MI6, 007, Johnny England
• Traditional Spying
• Telephone Intercepting, Mail Opening
• Email Surveillance
• Sleeping with the Enemy
• Untraditional Spying
• Scientific/ Chemical Brainstorming Program

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Hidden Agenda of Bush Behind the USAPATRIOT Act?

• Bushs Initial Unpopularity after the 2000
  Presidential Election
• Bushs Image as a Dummy
• Bushs Initial Executive Handicap with the
  Democratic-Majority Congress
• Before the Congress Election 2002 and the
  Republican Victory
• Bushs Initial Pressure Mounting on his
  Ineffective Counter-Terrorism at 911

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Result of the Administrative Restructuring

• The American Togetherness after National
  Emergencies
• Expansion of Executive Power
• Principle of Separation of Power
• Federalist Papers, the American Founders and the
  Executive Today
• Expansion of Presidential Power
• Power of Bush and Clinton a Comparison
• Is it Adequate to Compare George W Bush with
  Adolf Hitler?
• The Sense and the Nonsense

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Part IV New McCarthyism and Violation of
Human Rights after 911?
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Target 1 External Threats

• Guantanamo Bay Scandal of Afghan Soldiers
• Military Tribunal Courts
• With No Criminal Laws or Evidential Rules of
  Protection
• Messages from the Released Prisoners
• War Prisoners in the Iraqi War
• Secret?
• Or Humanitarian Treatment as Reported?
• Future of the Iraqi Pokers
• Mrs. Anthrax as a Case-study

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Target 2 Internal Threats

• List of Foreign Citizens/ Overseas Students on
  Surveillance!
• Close Contacts with Foreign People Reported!
• Anti-Terrorism in Neighborhood Neighbors
  Encouraged to Report Suspicious People (
  Foreigners)
• Hate Crimes, Racism, or Melting-pot?

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Target 3 Potential Threats

• American Citizens with Arabic Origins being
  Investigated by Police Systematically
• Precedence of the American Japanese in WWII
• Take You to Taliban Taxi-driver Arrested
• Why do you go to the Middle East?
• Why do you study Islam?
• ? The Green Terror
• Muslims as the Untouchables

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Assigned Readings

• Main Text
• Richard Falk Testing Patriotism and Citizenship
  in the Global Terror War (BD P.325-335)
  leftist perspective
• Supplementary References
• Alan Wolfe The Home Front (HR P.283-294)
  rightist perspective

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Conclusion Why is the Cost Neglected?
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Criticism from the Human Rights Fighters Logic

• The Bush Administration as a War Machine
• External-focus State Terrorism
• Internal-focus New McCarthyism
• Michael Cox
• Meanings of Victory American Power after the
  Powers
• Richard Falk
• Testing Patriotism and Citizenship in the Global
  Terror War

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Shift of Americas Human Rights Diplomacy

• 1991-2001 Rule of Human Rights in Diplomacy
• Human Rights Higher than Sovereignty
• Kosovo War
• Annual Report on Chinese Human Rights
• After 2001 Rule of Anti-Terrorism
• Human Rights Lower than Homeland Security
• Annual Report on Anti-Terrorism

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Lack of Internal Challengers

• Democratic Party Joined with the Republicans in
  the War-time Coalition
• Robert Byrd (86 Years Old Senator) as the
  Alternative Case-study
• Green Party/ Radical Human Rights Watchers/ Noam
  Chomsky etc
• Marginalized in the Mainstream Society
• Comparison with the Vietnam War
• Criticism of US Anti-Terrorism might Violate USA
  PATRIOT Act

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Feebleness of International Human Rights
Watchers

• Lack of Government Sponsorship to Challenge US
  Human Rights
• China US Human Rights White Paper
• The U-U-U-turns of France and Russia
• International Media Dominated by USA
• Violation of Human Rights in the Iraqi War?
• Previous Mandate of Human Rights Watchers Given
  by USA

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The End
Thank you for attending