Summer 07 lecture 3

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   Summer 07 lecture 3

• The continuing oil contest
• The Lobster Summit fish and missiles
• Mexico and America
• Arabia and the Holy Lands
• The History of Religion and Empire
• Biofuels
• Japan and Saudi Arabia
• Japan and Russia
• EDGE Projects

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Caspian Sea OilEstimated Total Capacity 141
Billion bbls
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Existing and Proposed Pipelines
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Missiles in Czech Republic and Poland against
Iran or Russia?
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Putin Outdoes Bush _ in Fishing

• KENNEBUNKPORT, Maine (AP) - Trying to defrost
  U.S.-Russia relations, Russian President Vladimir
  Putin graciously said the bass he caught on a
  fishing trip Monday with President Bush was a
  team effort.''
• But he followed up the compliment with a small
  gaffe. Putin assigned the wrong number to the
  presidency of Bush's father, former President
  George H.W. Bush.
• We had a very nice fishing party this
  morning,'' Putin said. We caught one fish, but
  that was a team effort, and we let it go to the
  captain.''
• He was referring to Bush's 83-year-old dad, who
  was at the wheel of the boat. Putin mistakenly
  said he was the 42nd president of the United
  States, not the 41st.
• Neither Bush seem bothered, and the current
  president said it was very thoughtful'' of
  Putin to share credit for the catch.
• A fine catch,'' the president said about the
  striped bass that his father said was about 30
  inches long.
• You had to take the former president's word for
  it.
• Mind you, the fish that we caught, we've let it
  free,'' Putin said.

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But What About Those Missiles

• On Putin's missile defense ideas, Bush said "I
  think it's very sincere. I think it's innovative.
  I think it's strategic. But as I told Vladimir, I
  think that the Czech Republic and Poland need to
  be an integral part of a system."
• Last month, Putin surprised Bush in Germany by
  proposing a Soviet-era early warning radar in
  Azerbaijan as a substitute for the radar and
  interceptors the United States wants to place in
  Poland and the Czech Republic. Washington has
  been clear it doubts the Azerbaijan facility is
  up to becoming a substitute.
• The Russian leader fleshed out his suggestion on
  Monday.
• Putin proposed possibly modernizing the
  Azerbaijan station. He suggested bringing more
  European nations into the decision-making process
  about how the shield is structured, and maybe
  incorporating a radar system in southern Russia.
  He suggested information-exchange centers in
  Moscow and possibly Brussels as a way to
  strengthen the Washington-Moscow national
  security relationship.
• "The relationship of our two countries would be
  raised to an entirely new level," Putin said.

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Putin hails newly opened Bolivar center as he
meets Chavez in Moscow
NOVO OGARYOVO, June 28 (RIA Novosti) - Russian
President Vladimir Putin hailed the opening of a
Simon Bolivar cultural center in Moscow as he
ushered Venezuelan leader Hugo Chavez into his
dacha Thursday for talks expected to focus on
economic and defense cooperation. "This is a
place where Russian citizens can better
familiarize themselves with Latin America and its
culture," Putin said as he opened the talks at
his Novo Ogaryovo retreat, outside Moscow.
Earlier in the day, Chavez attended a
ribbon-cutting ceremony for Moscow's Bolivar
center, named after the South American
revolutionary leader he says is his main
inspiration. Using his trademark anti-U.S.
rhetoric, he stressed the importance of defying
Washington's dominance of global affairs,
including cultural. "The empire must understand
that it cannot dominate the world," Chavez said.
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THE OCCUPATION
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Nobel laureates condemn Iraq oil law, U.S.
Published June 20, 2007 at 531 PM

• BAGHDAD, June 20 (UPI) -- Six Nobel Peace Prize
  Laureates weighed in on the proposed Iraq oil
  law, worried Iraq's citizens will lose out, and
  urging the United States to back off. The
  laureates, half of the 12 women ever to win the
  peace prize, said they are opposed to the law,
  fearing it will lead to poor contract terms for
  the Iraqi people and potentially lucrative
  contracts for foreign oil companies while the
  country is both under occupation and enduring a
  civil war.
• "The Iraq oil law could benefit foreign oil
  companies at the expense of the Iraqi people,
  deny the Iraqi people economic security, create
  greater instability, and move the country further
  away from peace," Betty Williams, Mairead
  Corrigan Maguire, Rigoberta Menchu Tum, Jody
  Williams, Shirin Ebadi and Wangari Maathai wrote
  in a statement posted on their Web site,
  nobelwomensinitiative.org.

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NAFTA
Real minimum wages, 1970-1997a Indices 1975 or
1991 100
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Mexico

• It is one of the G20 developing nations
• It is part of the Security Council of the UN
• The only economy in the world with preferential
  trade access to the European Union, U.S.A.,
  Canada and six Latin-American countries.

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WTO Talks Break Down EU and U.S. Blame India,
Brazil (Update3)

• June 21 (Bloomberg) -- Negotiations among four
  major World Trade Organization governments
  collapsed today, increasing the likelihood of
  failure in efforts to produce an agreement that
  would add billions of dollars to the global
  economy.
• Since discussions began on June 19, Brazilian
  Foreign Minister Celso Amorim and Indian Commerce
  Minister Kamal Nath didn't move an iota from
  the point we started at two years ago,'' U.S.
  Agriculture Secretary Mike Johanns told
  journalists in the German city outside Berlin.
  We stretched and they grabbed. I could have
  done cartwheels off the roof of this building and
  I'm still not sure I would have got a response.''
  
• Amorim and Nath said talks derailed because the
  U.S. and the EU refused to improve their farm-aid
  offers. The numbers presented by the U.S. on
  domestic subsidies exceeded those demanded by the
  so-called G20 alliance of farm commodity-
  exporting nations while the EU's tariff-cut
  offers were insufficient, Amorim said.

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Expanding third world Interest

• Nath said the U.S. offered to cap its overall
  spending on trade-distorting domestic support at
  17 billion. As leaders of the G20, which also
  includes China and Argentina, India and Brazil
  are pushing for an annual U.S. spending limit of
  no more than 15 billion.
• Correct the Flaws
• The Bush administration now spends 10.8 billion
  a year on support payments that distort market
  prices to American farmers, Nath said. A ceiling
  of 17 billion would represent a 50 percent
  increase,'' he told journalists.
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  
• "The recent WTO negotiating process has been less
  than transparent and participatory," protested
  the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of
  States (ACP), the African Group, and the Least
  Developed Countries (LDCs), which together make
  up the Group of 90 (G90) developing countries,
  which emerged during the fifth WTO ministerial
  conference held in Cancun, Mexico in 2003.

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World Exports
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World Imports
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What does Mexico export?

• Oil and oil products
• Electricity
• Natural Gas
• Manufactured goods
• Corn
• Textiles
• Workforce

• Silver
• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Coffee
• Cotton
• Etc.

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NAFTA

• As U.S.A. have much control on their agricultural
  stock prices through subsidies, Mexico has not
  been able to have good benefits in this heading.
  But, it is important to remember that the price
  is subsidized.
• The price of U.S. corn is 88.48 USD/ton against
  105.8 USD/ton of Mexican corn.

• If the WTO outlawed the subsidies from
  agriculture, Mexico could now compete against an
  almost 120.00 USD/ton U.S.A. corn price.

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Taxes

• Even though Mexican illegal migrants pay taxes,
  they dont receive their correspondent
  devolutions.
• In the heading of non-given back taxes and
  non-paid pensions to Mexican migrants, the U.S.
  government is avoiding the payment of about 5
  billion dollars.

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About NAFTA

• I think that the solidarity, the cooperation and
  the commitment with democracy, with human rights,
  is something that we did not find in our trade
  agreement of North America, that is something we
  would like to include in the EUFTA 9.
• (Vicente Fox)

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ARABIA
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League of Arab Nations
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THE HOLY LANDS
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The History of God by Karen Armstrong
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The Last Week The Confrontation between Rabbi
Jesusand the System of Dominationin Jerusalem
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Debt for Education and Development
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New Orleans
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The Christian Right History Repeats
ItselfECE510 EDGEMarch 20, 2006

• Andrew Gilpin

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The Early Christian Church

• Christian church illegal until Constantine in the
  4th Century AD
• Upon legalization, alliance with the Emperor
  brought power and opportunity
• Unlikely Constantines motives were altruistic,
  but this is debated
• Church was widespread and a possible opportunity
  for Rome

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Early Diversity

• Prior to and immediately following acceptance by
  Rome, Church was diverse
• Gnostics, mystics
• Great variance in opinion regarding the nature of
  God
• Uniformity and hierarchy probably viewed by
  Constantine as advantageous
• Definitely advantageous to Church leaders
• Increased power and wealth
• Violence and suppression ensued in an effort to
  develop this uniformity

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Development of Convention

• Council of Nicea and other meetings to develop
  dogma and define heresy
• Development of hierarchal structure
• Suppression of Gnostics, Donatists, etc.
• Selection of approved scriptures
• Later, codification of the stature of females
• We must conclude that a husband is meant to rule
  over his wife as the spirit rules over the
  flesh.
• St. Augustine (post-Nicea)
• Hypatia was hacked to death by orthodox monks in
  the early years because she presumed, against
  Gods commandments, to teach men.

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The Dark Ages (400-1,000 AD)

• With fall of Rome, Church was established
  authority, and used it
• Byzantine plague blamed on failure to adhere to
  Christian belief - suppressed science and
  medicine
• Book burning Alexandria Library torched
• By 5th Century, John Chrysostom, Greek Father of
  the Church, declared
• Every trace of the old philosophy and literature
  of the ancient world has vanished from the face
  of the earth.
• Art suppressed Roman and Greek art destroyed
  (used to make lime for churches)

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But Were Profitable

• In Dark Ages, Church increased in wealth
• Banned lending
• Money brought violence and corruption
• Between 891 and 903 AD, Rome saw no less than 10
  popes.
• Simony selling clerical office
• Indulgences Sold forgiveness of sins
• Secular leaders sought divine endorsement,
  further increasing prestige and power of Church

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Middle Ages (1,000-1,500 AD)

• Church remained extremely powerful
• Suppressed Greek and Arab thought
• More book burnings
• Non-religious art or literature suppressed or
  banned
• Suppression and outlawing of literacy for
  commoners
• Illegal to read Scriptures
• Underground trade in translated Bibles (subject
  to death penalty if caught)

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Middle Ages (1,000-1,500 AD)

• In response to corruption, sects began to spring
  up
• Waldensians, Bruys, Lussannes, etc.
• Brutally suppressed
• Church developed own justice system in part to
  deal with divergent views and sects, defining
  heresy to its own benefit
• Forged ancient documents to justify and form
  basis
• Analog in Islamic Sharia laws

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Middle Ages (1,000-1,500 AD)

• Wars provided shared cause and diverted
  attention
• Crusades (lt1,000,000 dead)
• Murder of Jews and Byzantines on the way to
  Palestine
• Sacking of all cities encountered, even Belgrade
  and Constantinople
• Atrocities a source of friction to this day
• With failure of Crusades
• Cathars, Templars

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Middle Ages (1,000-1,500 AD)

• Inquisition
• Persecution of Jews
• Church-appointed inquisitors
• Confiscation of heretic wealth
• Mercy by secular rulers rewarded with
  excommunication by Church
• Inquisition in Asia and New World
• Papal edict in 1493 justified war on those who
  refused to convert to Christianity

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Reformation (1,500 1,750 AD)

• Protestant/Catholic wars
• St. Bartholomew Massacre
• Thirty Years War
• English Wars, etc, etc
• Protestant rule as suppressive as Catholic
• Introduced pleasure as sin
• Still a prominent Christian trait (original sin,
  Catholic guilt)
• Said one Protestant in 1554 if ye make at your
  pleasure such things as to drive devils
  away..what need have ye of Christ?

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Reformation (1,500 1,750 AD)

• Witch Hunts (1,300-1,800)
• 906 AD, the Church issued the Canon Episcopi
  which decreed the belief in witchcraft was
  heresy.
• Belief in a hope of intervention in ones plight
  on earth was seen as heresy, and eventually was
  seen as witchcraft
• In part a result of the centuries long practice
  of the Church to vilify women
• Churches developed wicked opposites of Church
  structures and customs
• Crones and loss of customs
• Churches licensed healers
• Churches way of eliminating opposing thought or
  customs

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Witch Hunts

• Germany is almost entirely occupied with
  building fires for the witches. Switzerland has
  been compelled to wipe out many of her villages
  on their account. Travelers in Lorraine see
  thousands and thousands of stakes to which
  witches were bound.
• Belief carries on to present day
• Examples in Germany, France, Mexico
• Breadth and length of witch hunting and attendant
  crimes nearly without precedent

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT

• "The world is my country, all mankind are my
  brethren, and to do good is my religion."
• Thomas Paine
• Historically, Churches allowed science and
  philosphy to bolster Church positions and dogma,
  but eventually Church lost control
• Rationalism, Deism resulted

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THE ENLIGHTENMENT

• American Revolution
• 1st Amendment to Constitution strictly limited
  the ability of religion to impact government or
  the people
• The purpose of separation of church and state is
  to keep forever from these shores the ceaseless
  strife that has soaked the soil of Europe with
  blood for centuries.
• Madison

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Jatropha Biomass Energy for the Future

• Deven Leigh
• 6/2/2007

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Jatropha History1

• Jatropha originated in South America, where from
  ancient times extracts from its leaves and seeds
  were used as medicines. Jatrophas medical
  qualities derive from curcin, a chemical present
  in the plant's shoots and leaves, which is
  effective as an antiseptic but can be poisonous
  if ingested in large quantities.
• Learning of its medicinal qualities when they
  came to South America in the 16th century,
  Portuguese sailors took jatropha to Africa and
  India. It now grows from the forests of Brazil to
  the tropical islands of Fiji. In Africa it is
  widely used as a hedge to protect crops from
  foraging livestock, who avoid the leaves.
  Jatropha is still used as a traditional medicine
  in India, Africa, and the Philippines.

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Jatropha Benefits2

• Oil provides energy for light, transportation,
  and cooking.
• Jatropha is a natural fence (leaves are poisonous
  to animals).
• The Jatropha plant improves the soil and prevents
  erosion.
• Jatropha biomass starts a year after first
  planting, and is at a maximum after 5 years.
• Glycerin, a by product of Jatropha oil, can be
  used to produce soap.

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Jatropha Benefits1

• Under optimum conditions jatropha seeds can yield
  up to 40 oil content.
• Trees have a lifespan of up to 30 years.
• Jatropha does not need irrigation and can grow in
  sand.
• After Crushing the seeds for oil, the leftover
  seed mass is used as excellent fertilizer.

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Jatropha Benefits3

• Small farms can easily introduce the oil into
  their local communities.
• Creation of a sustainable biofuel economy that
  would relieve poverty.
• The biomass market will provide job opportunities
  for the local community.

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Jatropha Benefits5

• The carbon dioxide absorption is 8 Kg. per tree
  per Year and can be converted into Carbon Credit
  Certificates.
• Side note The New York Mercantile Exchange plans
  to offer contracts for trading carbon dioxide,
  the main greenhouse gas blamed for global
  warming, and other heat-trapping emissions.
  (http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18591849/ May 10,
  2007)

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Jatropha Disadvantages

• The Jatropha Curcas nut and oil are inedible, but
  its price is not distorted by competing food
  uses.
• Potential gender conflicts.
• Second income to make soap.
• If there is too little water, the plant will not
  produce the nut.

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Jatropha Curcas to Oil

• Kick Start Oil Press

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Jatropha Curcas to Biodiesel1

• D1 20 Modular Biodiesel Refinery.
• The D1 20 can produce 8,000 tons of biodiesel per
  year from rapeseed, soy, palm or jatropha biomass.

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Jatropha Curcas Specs

• Source The Biomass Project, 2000. Curcas Oil
  Methyl Ester. Nicaragua.

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Jatropha Curcas Specs
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Biodiesel Advantages6

• Higher cetane numbers of biodiesel compared to
  the petroleum diesel indicates potential for
  higher engine performance.
• Superior lubricating properties of biodiesel
  increases functional engine efficiency.
• Higher flash point makes them safer to store.
• Biodiesel is oxygenated so its use dramatically
  reduces toxic air emissions compared to petroleum
  diesel.

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Biodiesel Disadvantages

• Modifications are required for the vehicles.
• High CFPP (cold filter plugging point) values
• Solidification and clogging of the fuel system at
  low temperatures (around 0C).
• Can introduce additives to curb CFPP.
• Rubber seals, gaskets, and hoses made before 1994
  should be replaced when using B100.

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Jatropha Biodiesel Economics4

• 375 kilograms per hectare for soybeans in the
  United States (280 gallons per acre).
• 1,000 kilograms per hectare of rapeseed in Europe
  (740 gallons per acre).
• 3,000 kilograms per hectare of Jatropha (2,226
  gallons per acre) in India.

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Jatropha Biodiesel Economics4
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Biodiesel and the Environment

• Biodiesel is considered "climate neutral" because
  all of the carbon dioxide released during
  consumption had been sequestered out of the
  atmosphere during crop growth.
• Combustion of one liter of diesel fuel results in
  the emission of about 2.6 kilograms of CO2.

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Jatropha in Haiti2

• 70 of Haitis population still lives in the
  rural areas of the country.
• 78 of the Haitian population live on less than
  2 a day.
• Insecurity in Haiti is primarily due to the lack
  of job opportunities.
• President Rene Preval and his government are
  working to ensure Haitis economic sustainability
  (Jatropha pilot programs).
• Jatropha is indigenous to Haiti.

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Jatropha Energy Policy for Haiti

• Government to create energy market for Jatropha.
• Local communities unite to grow small farms of
  Jatropha to produce biodiesel (most of the poor
  are farmers).
• Build peace with the Dominican Republic through
  biofuel market.
• Pilot Program Government gives 5 to 10 Ha of
  land to farmers to grow Jatropha.

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Jatropha in India9

• Most comprehensive National Program on promoting
  Jatropha.
• Jatropha projects started in 1991.
• The rail line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted
  with Jatropha and the train itself runs on 15-20
  biodiesel.
• India is experimenting with more than 20
  different types of trees to produce biodiesel.

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Jatropha Over Other Biomass in India7

• low cost of seeds
• high oil content
• small gestation period
• growth on good and degraded lands
• growth in low and high rainfall areas
• seeds can be harvested in non-rainy season
• plant size is making collection of seeds more
  convenient.

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Biodiesel in the USA8

• Half of U.S. biodiesel production capacity is
  designed for soybean oil.
• The other half is from recycled restaurant
  cooking oil, earning biodiesel a reputation for
  having a french-fry smell.

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Make Your Own Jatropha Oil

• Procedure
• Obtain the jatropha seeds.
• Sun dry the seeds or roast them for 10 minutes.
• Press the seeds to get the oil.
• Purify the oil by using filters very slow.
• The purification process can be accelerated
  tremendously by boiling the oil with 20 water.
• Use the oil in a diesel generator.

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Resources

• www.d1plc.com/agronomy.php
• www.haitiinnovation.org/node/1386
• www.csis.org/media/csis/congress/ts070319mendelson
  _forman.pdf
• www.jatrophaworld.org/15.html
• www.svlele.com
• www.treeoilsindia.com/products.htm
• http//edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/04/02/bio
  fuel.debate/
• DOE/GO-102001-1434 September 2001

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Resource Papers

• Case Study Jatropha Curcas Hartlieb Euler
  David Gorriz, 60314 Frankfurt, Germany, April 04,
  Page 24 to 32
• Reducing Rural Poverty through Increased Access
  to Energy Service, United Nations Development
  Programme, UNDP Mali office, BP 120, Bamako,
  Mali, 2004

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The commissioner general H.E. Ahmed Hamza Bedaiwi
officially welcomed the guests and introduced Mr.
Omar Ahmed Bahlaiwa, Chairman of the Committee
for the Development of International Trade, who
presented a seminar A prospect of the Saudi
EconomyFinally, the Commissioner General
invited the guests to enjoy Arabic food.Saudi
Arabia Pavilion was honored to receive so many
distinguished guests, such as Mr. Yonekura,
President of Sumitomo Chemicals, heads of other
major companies, and high rank officials of
organizations such as Aichi Prefecture, Toyota
group, Nagoya International Center, Nagoya City,
Abdul Latif Jameel Company, and our friends from
Toyone and other Pavilions of the Expo.
Japan and Saudi Arabia
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Joint Statement between the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia and Japan

• HE Mr. Shinzo Abe held meetings with the
  Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah
  Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud and His Royal Highness
  (HRH) Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud the
  Crown Prince, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of
  Defense and Aviation and Inspector General. The
  leaders of both countries expressed their
  heartfelt satisfactions with the great
  development of the bilateral relations. Both
  sides issued the following statement towards the
  development of the strategic multilayered
  partnership between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  and Japan.
• Both sides expressed their willingness to enhance
  high-level political dialogs between them
  including ones between the Foreign Ministers of
  the two countries.
• Both sides shared the view that further
  development of economic relations is a main
  driving force towards the development of the
  strategic relations between Saudi Arabia and
  Japan, while noting with satisfaction the recent
  development of economic and commercial activities
  between the two countries. Both sides affirmed
  that utmost efforts should be made by both
  government and private sectors for the sake of
  comprehensive development of their economic
  relations. For that purpose, the leaders of both
  countries, in collaboration with the private
  sector, decided to start an active initiative to
  establish a pertinent and specialized joint Task
  Force with the objectives of facilitating
  industrial investment opportunities in both
  countries, making the best use of resources
  available in both countries including financial,
  institutional resources and technologies.

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• Both sides welcomed the ongoing negotiations to
  conclude the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between
  Japan and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Both
  sides share the view that early conclusion of
  this agreement will further enhance the economic
  relations between the two parties.
• Both sides shared the view on the importance of
  strengthening and enhancing their cooperation in
  the fields of economy, investment , aviation ,
  environment, culture, education and science and
  youth and sports, to enhance their partnership.
  To this end, both sides welcomed the conclusion
  of the draft agreement on the air services in
  February 2007. Both sides emphasized the
  importance of the early conclusion of the
  negotiations regarding the agreement for
  liberalization, promotion and protection of
  investments between the two countries. Both sides
  decided to facilitate support and encourage the
  studying of Saudi students in the universities
  and technical institutes in Japan and the
  Japanese side welcomed the tremendous increase of
  these Saudi students.
• Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the
  stability of the world oil market. The Japanese
  side expressed its appreciation and understanding
  for the Saudi Arabia's balanced oil policy, which
  is a secure and reliable source for providing oil
  supplies to the international markets in general,
  and to the Japanese market in particular. In this
  regard, both sides praised the Second Asian
  Ministerial Energy Roundtable meeting for
  ministers of oil, energy and transportation which
  will be held in Riyadh from 14-16/4/1428 H
  corresponding to 1-3 May 2007, jointly hosted by
  Saudi Arabia and Japan, while stressing the
  significance to further promote bilateral
  cooperation in energy, based upon mutually
  complementary relationship between Saudi Arabia,
  with its largest hydrocarbon resource in the
  world, and Japan, with its advanced
  energy-related technologies. The Saudi side
  expressed its intention to continue to assure
  stable oil supply to Japan, and the Japanese side
  expressed its appreciation for this.

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• Both sides decided that the international
  community should adopt appropriate measures
  against a possible global warming, based on the
  principle of common but differentiated
  responsibilities as stated in the international
  agreements on climate change. In this regard, the
  Japanese side expressed its willingness to
  develop its cooperation in both levels of
  government and private sectors to promote the
  clean development mechanism (CDM) that
  contributes to combating the possible global
  warming as well as achieving sustainable
  developments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Both
  sides reaffirmed the importance of the roles of
  the private sectors in both countries for
  promoting CDM projects.
• Both sides stressed the importance of continuing
  to hold, periodically and when necessary,
  meetings of the Joint Committee between the two
  countries, and instructed the Joint committee, of
  which the 9th meeting will be held in Riyadh on
  May 1, 2007, to follow up the outcomes of this
  visit. Both sides recognized the importance and
  significance of enhancing cooperation between
  private sector in both countries and highlighted
  the holding of "the Japan-Saudi Arabia Business
  Forum", which was addressed by HE Mr. Shinzo Abe,
  and both sides welcomed the fruitful outcomes of
  the 8th meeting of the Japan-Saudi Business
  Council in February.
• Both sides shared the view on the importance of
  enhancing and developing their cooperation in the
  field of technical cooperation and vocational
  training and recognized the positive role played
  by the specialized Japanese agencies in this
  field.
• Both sides stressed the importance of the
  Saudi-Japanese joint efforts to achieve peace and
  stability throughout the Middle East as follows

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• With regard to the Middle East peace process,
  both sides reaffirmed that a just and
  comprehensive solution to the Arab-Israeli
  conflict based on the internationally legitimate
  resolutions would be the bedrock of the stability
  in the Middle East and would eliminate a main
  source of tension and the threat to international
  peace and security. In this connection, both
  sides stressed their support for the creation of
  an independent and viable Palestinian state,
  stressing the importance of the Arab Peace
  Initiative as approved at the Beirut Summit in
  2002 and confirmed by the Arab Summit in Riyadh
  in 2007 and the Roadmap. The Japanese side highly
  appreciated the efforts by the Custodian of the
  Two Holy Mosques, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz
  Al-Saud as seen in the Mecca Agreement in
  February 2007. Both sides welcomed the
  announcement of the formation of a government of
  the Palestinian national unity on March 16, 2007.
  Both sides called on the international community
  to facilitate and increase their assistance to
  the Palestinian people while confirming to
  continue their assistance to the Palestinians.
  The Saudi side expressed its appreciation for
  Japan's efforts in supporting the Middle East
  peace process, such as the concept of the
  "Corridor for Peace and Prosperity."
• Reaffirming their commitment to assist the Iraqi
  people to realize their aspirations for a better
  future, both sides decided to coordinate with
  each other more closely to bring security,
  stability and territorial integrity of Iraq and
  to promote national unity and equality among all
  categories of the Iraqi people. Both sides
  confirmed that the national reconciliation ,
  along with the disbandment of all armed militant
  groups, would be an important bedrock for the
  stability of Iraq, and stressed the need to
  respect the unity, sovereignty and independence
  of Iraq The Saudi side expressed its appreciation
  for Japan's significant contributions for the
  reconstruction and stability of Iraq, including
  the holding of a "Seminar on National
  Reconciliation in Iraq" in March 2007.

75

• As for Lebanon, both sides stressed the
  importance of the solidarity with Lebanon and of
  providing political and economic support to the
  Lebanese government that preserves the national
  unity, security, stability and sovereignty of
  Lebanon over its entire territory. Both sides
  called upon all the Lebanese groups and forces to
  the national dialogue, on the basis of similarity
  among all the Lebanese people as well as on the
  basis of what has been achieved in building a
  national consensus to resolve the political
  crisis in Lebanon and to preserve its unity,
  security and independence.
• Both sides stressed the importance of urging all
  the states in the Middle East to accede to the
  Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
  Weapons and making the Middle East a region free
  from all weapons of mass destruction and their
  delivery means in conformity with relevant
  internationally legitimate resolutions. Both
  sides placed a great emphasis upon the importance
  of a diplomatic solution to the Iranian nuclear
  issue, and urged Iran to comply with the United
  Nations Security Council Resolutions 1696, 1737
  and 1747 and to cooperate constructively with the
  International Atomic Energy Agency.
• Both sides expressed hope that progress will be
  made on the Six-Party Talks and in the talks
  between Japan and North Korea on bilateral
  issues, including early resolution of the
  abduction issue.

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• Both sides condemned terrorism in all its forms
  as a threat to international peace and security,
  and confirmed that the international community
  must be united in the fight against terrorism. In
  this regard, both sides reaffirmed their
  commitment to the firm application of the
  thirteen conventions and protocols on
  counter-terrorism and the related United Nations
  Security Council resolutions. The Japanese side
  valued the initiatives made by the Kingdom of
  Saudi Arabia in the fight against terrorism,
  including the International Conference on
  Counter-Terrorism held in the month of February
  2005 in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in which
  Japan also participated. Both sides stressed the
  importance of the recommendations of the
  conference, including the proposal of the
  Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques to establish an
  international center to combat terrorism, as well
  as the urgent need to conclude the negotiations
  of the Comprehensive Convention on International
  Terrorism to promote international cooperation on
  counter-terrorism.
• Both sides shared the view that the United
  Nations must be comprehensively reformed to
  reflect new realities of the 21st century,
  recognizing the increasingly important role of
  the United Nations in promoting world peace,
  stability and prosperity. Both sides also
  affirmed cooperation toward renewing and
  revitalizing the UN organs including the General
  Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and
  Social Council and the Secretariat, particularly
  underlining the significance of early reform of
  the Security Council as an essential element of
  overall reform of the UN. The Saudi side also
  expressed its support for Japan's permanent
  membership in the Security Council, when the
  expected reforms of the Security Council include
  the enlargement of its membership. The Japanese
  side expressed its deep gratitude for the support
  provided by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

77

• HE Mr. Shinzo Abe expressed his deep
  appreciations for the hospitality and good
  reception accorded to him and his accompanying
  delegation, and extended an invitation to the
  Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques to visit Japan
  at a time of mutual convenience.
• Riyadh, April 28th, 2007

78
Russia-Japan territory dispute needs acceptable
solution -Lavrov-1

• YUZHNO-SAKHALINSK (Far East), June 3 (RIA
  Novosti) - A mutually satisfactory solution to
  the Russia-Japan territorial dispute should be
  sought, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov
  said Sunday.
• Lavrov visited June 3 the disputed southern Kuril
  islands, which Japan claims to be part of its
  territory.
• "We are prepared to look for a solution that is
  mutually acceptable, meets the interests of the
  peoples of Russia and Japan and relies on
  realities. The inviolability of the World War II
  results are such realities," Lavrov said.
• The long-running dispute over four southern
  islands annexed by the Soviet Union at the end of
  the Second World War has prevented Russia and
  Japan from signing a peace treaty that would
  formally end their WWII hostilities, and has been
  a major obstacle to closer cooperation between
  the two nations in areas such as energy.

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Study topics

• Peter Ecuador and U.S. oil Trade
• Ryan World Trade Bio-diesel
• Guadalupe Mexican American Development
• Mina Japan Science and World Trade
• Clark Israel, Palestine, Arabia
• Kuang-Ya China and Global Warming
• Sally Engineering Trade Development
• Marco India Poverty and Development