The%20Age%20of%20Religious%20Wars

1
The Age of Religious Wars

• Chapter 12

2
The French Wars of Religion (1562 1598)

• Huguenots French protestants under government
  surveillance in 1520
• Henry II began persecuting Huguenots
• Persecutions ended under the reign of Henry IV in
  1589

3
January Edict

• Issued in 1562
• Issued by Catherine de Medicis, regent for
  Charles IX
• Edict granted Protestants freedom to worship
  publicly

4
Beginning of the French Religious Wars

• March 1562 Duke from Guise family led massacre
  on Huguenots, which spawned the French War
• Huguenots Protestants fought against the Guise
  faction ltCatherine allied with the Guise family
  herselfgt

5
St. Bartholomews Day Massacre

• Happened in 1572
• 3,000 Huguenots were killed on St. Barths Day
• Supported by Catherine of Medicis
• Within 3 days following, more than 20,000
  Huguenots had been executed

6
The Peace of Beaulieu

• Led by Henry III in May 1576
• Granted Huguenots almost complete religious and
  civil freedom
• Within 7 months, Catholic League forced Henry to
  retract these liberties
• Henry III assassinated...
• Henry IV takes power, converts to Catholicism,
  and makes settlement w/ Huguenots...

7
Edict of Nantes

• Issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV
• Recognized Huguenots rights within France
• Granted Huguenots freedom of worship, right of
  assembly, and a series of other liberties

8
Imperial Spain and Reign of Philip II (r.
1556-1598)

• Philip II of Spain Powerful Catholic ruler of
  Hapsburg lands
• Battle of Lepanto Spain defeated Turkey
• Spain annexed Portugal and gained access to their
  colonies in Africa, India, and the Americas

9
Philips Failures

• Tried to conquer the Netherlands
• Resisted by William of Orange and the Count of
  Egmont
• Egmont was executed
• Resistance put down by Duke of Alba
• Dutch continued their campaign against Spanish
  governance

10
Other Stuff About Spain

• Pacification of Ghent Catholic and Protestant
  provinces came together against Spain in 1576
• Twelve Years Truce True peace with Spain
  achieved in 1609
• Peace of Westphalia Full recognition of peace
  finalized in 1648

11
England and Spain (1553-1603)

• Mary Tudor restored Catholicism of Henry VIII
• Elizabeth I Marys half-sister and successor
• 1559 Act of Supremacy undid anti-Protestant
  legislation Mary had enacted
• The act made Elizabeth Supreme Governor
• Elizabeth strove to maintain middle ground
  between the Catholics and Protestants

12
France allies with England

• Facing a real threat from Spain, England allied
  with France in 1571
• Elizabeth decided to execute Mary Stuart, Queen
  of Scots
• Marys assassination, being an ardent Catholic
  and heir to the Scottish throne, aroused Catholic
  anger

13
Spain vs. England

• Philip II ordered his Armada to prepare for war
  w/ England
• Battle resulted in complete victory for England
• Encouraged European Protestants

14
The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Complicated Series of battles in four phases
• Bohemian (1618 - 1625)
• Danish (1625 - 1629)
• Swedish (1630 - 1635)
• Swedish-French (1635 - 1648)
• Mainly because the countries had radically
  different political and religious agendas

15
The Bohemian Period (1618 1625)

• Calvinists demanded more freedom from Catholic
  Hapsburg ruler Ferdinand
• Defenestration of Prague Protestant nobility
  responded to Ferdinands revocation of religious
  rights by throwing two of his regents out a window

16
Danish Period(1625 - 1629)

• King Christian IV of Denmark tried to bring
  Protestantism to Germany
• Forced to retreat by Maximilian
• Edict of Restitution 1629, Ferdinand outlawed
  Calvinism

17
Swedish Period(1630 1635)

• Military tactics of King Gustavus Adolphus of
  Sweden helped Protestants with the battle at
  Breitenfeld
• Swedes refused to join the Peace of Prague
  Agreement
• POP Agreement compromise between German
  Protestant states and Ferdinand

18
Swedish-French Period(1635 1648)

• Final phase of Thirty Years War
• Involved French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers
  wreaking havoc in Germany
• At this point in the war, religious issues became
  secondary to political ones

19
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

• Stopped Ferdinands Edict of Restitution
• Recognized Calvinists
• Independence of Swiss Confederacy and provinces
  of Holland proclaimed
• German princes acknowledged as supreme rulers
• Broadened legal status of Protestantism
• Caused more of Germanys internal division and
  political weakness