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Tvang og menneskerettigheter

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Title: Tvang og menneskerettigheter


1
Tvang og menneskerettigheter
  • Foredrag Sivilombudsmannens menneskerettighetssemi
    nar
  • 19. november 2008
  • v/professor dr. jur. Jørgen Aall

2
1 Innledning
  • 1.1 Tvang Inngrep (se 2 3 nedenfor)
  • 1.2 Menneskerettigheter
  • SPR og ØSK-konvensjoner
  • Forholdet til ØSK
  • Bevilgninger kan redusere behovet for tvang
  • Ytterligere avgrensninger
  • Flere SPR-konvensjoner aktuelle (BK, KMNF., m/fl)
  • Symptomatisk KMNF art. 14 guarantees in
    accordance with international human rights law
  • -gt særlig fokus på Den eur. Menneskerettighetskonv
    . (EMK)

3
1.3 Hvilke EMK-rettigheter berøres særlig?
  • Art. 5 Vern mot vilkårlig frihetsberøvelse
  • Art. 3 Vern mot umenneskelig behandling
  • Art. 8 Vern om privatliv
  • 1.4 Vilkårene for inngrep på disse rettigheters
    område

4
2 Inngrep
  • 2.1 Den generelle inngrepsvurderingen
  • -Den nedre terskel Alminnelige oppfordringer
    og ledelse med hånden eller andre fysiske
    påvirkninger av liknende art anses ikke som bruk
    av tvang eller makt (sml. sotjl. 4A-2, 2.3.)
  • -Over terskelen motsetter seg eller tiltak som
    er så inngripende at de uansett motstand må
    regnes som bruk av tvang eller makt (sml. sotjl.
    4A-2, 2.1.)
  • -Særlig aktuelle inngrep frihetsberøvelse,
    medisinering, adferdsterapeutiske tiltak .. og
    lignende.
  • 2.2 Inngrep foretatt av offentlige myndigheter
  • Forholdet til statens ansvar for inngrep fra
    private positiv tilsikring.
  • 2.3 Tvang som motsetning til frivillighet
  • Samtykke og avkall på rettigheter

5
3. Tvang (inngrep) på utvalgte områder
  • 3.1 Inngrep på område for EMK artikkel 5
  • 3.1.1 Teksten angir frihetsberøvelse, men
    definerer ikke begrepet nærmere
  • EMDs praksis. Engel (1976)
  • inngrepets art, varighet, virkning og
    gjennomføringsmåte

6
3.3.2 Særlig om samtykke til innleggelse el.l.
(da ikke frihetsberøvelse)
  • Generelle forutsetninger
  • Klarhet, gyldighet, rimelighet
  • EMDs praksis
  • De Wilde, Ooms og Versyp (18.06.1971)
  • H.L (05.10.2004)
  • Storck (16.06.2005)
  • Jon Nielsen (28.11.1988)

7
De Wilde (løsgjengere)
  • the right to liberty is too important in a
    "democratic society" within the meaning of the
    Convention for a person to lose the benefit of
    the protection of the Convention for the single
    reason that he gives himself up to be taken into
    detention. Detention might violate Article 5 even
    although the person concerned might have agreed
    to it.

8
H L (autist)
  • Informal patient (formelt fri til å forlate,
    men dette var, hensett til pasientens tilstand,
    illusorisk.
  • the applicant was under continuous supervision
    and control and was not free to leave. Any
    suggestion to the contrary was, in the Courts
    view, fairly described by Lord Steyn House of
    Lords as stretching credulity to breaking
    point and as a fairy tale (dommens avsnitt
    91).

9
Storck (psykisk helsevern)
  • The applicant tried on several occasions to flee
    from the clinic. She had to be shackled in order
    to prevent her from absconding and had to be
    brought back to the clinic by the police when she
    managed to escape on one occasion.
  • Under these circumstances, the Court is unable to
    discern any factual basis for the assumption that
    the applicant presuming that she had the
    capacity to consent agreed to her continued
    stay in the clinic.

10
Storck forts.
  • Uansett ikke samtykkekompetanse etter tung
    medisinering
  • In the alternative, assuming that the applicant
    was no longer capable of consenting following her
    treatment with strong medication, she cannot, in
    any event, be considered to have validly agreed
    to her stay in the clinic.

11
Jon Nielsen
  • Mors begjæring om innleggelse av sin tolv år
    gamle sønn på ungdomspsykiatrisk avdeling var en
    utøvelse av foreldreansvaret (artikkel 8).
  • -gt Ikke frihetsberøvelse
  • Diskutabel (sml. pshvl. 2-1)

12
3.2 Inngrep på området for art. 8
  • Interference. .
  • Typisk art. 8 omsorsgsovertagelse,
    forelderansvars/adopsjon
  • Grensefelt mot artikkel 3 Physical and moral
    integrity. Terskelspørsmål

13
3.3 Inngrep på området for art. 3
  • Terskel. Alvorlige inngrep
  • Herczegfalvy-saken (24.09.1992)
  • Henaf-saken (27.11.2003)
  • Nevmerzhitsky-saken 05.04.2005)

14
3.4 Hvis inngrep, så må visse vilkår iakttas og
rettigheter respekteres
  • så står de der da, disse tre lov, formål og
    forholdsmessighet.

15
4 Vilkår for inngrep Lov
  • 4.1. Grunnleggende rettsstatlig krav
  • Begrunnelsen for kravet Både forutberegnelighet
    og rettssikkerhet i videre forstand
  • 4.2. Systemet etter EMK
  • 4.2.1 En betingelse etter alle artikler som åpner
    for inngrep.
  • (- Hva med artikkel 3? Husk at bestemmelsen er
    absolutt)
  • 4.2.2. Formuleringen er ikke identisk, men kravet
    er likevel som utgangspunkt det samme,
    Malone-dommen.
  • 4.2.3 Kravets innhold
  • Autonomt
  • Nasjonal basis
  • Tilgjengelighet
  • Presisjon (lex certa) (kritikken mot sostjl.
    kap. 6 A (nå 4 A))
  • 4.2.4 Variasjoner i kravet
  • 4.2.5 Subsomsjonskontroll og skjønnsmargin

16
Artikkel 5.1e Enhorn (smitte)
  • Where deprivation of liberty is concerned, it is
    particularly important that the general principle
    of legal certainty be satisfied. It is therefore
    essential that the conditions for deprivation of
    liberty under domestic law be clearly defined and
    that the law itself be foreseeable in its
    application, so that it meets the standard of
    lawfulness set by the Convention

17
5 Formål og forholdsmessighet
  • 5.1 Kan vi her snakke om et tilsvarende felles
    krav ved inngrep?
  • 5.2 Bare teksten i artikkel 8 nevner
    forholdsmessighet (nødvendig ).
  • Artikkel 3 er absolutt og artikkel 5 er absolutt
    bortsett fra seks kategoriunntak. Likevel et
    betinget ja på spørsmålet i 5.1.
  • 5.3 EMDs praksis
  • Art. 8 Herczegfalvy
  • Art. 3 Herczegfalvy, Henaf
  • Art. 5 Enhorn (25.01.2005), Winterwerp
    (24.10.1979)
  • -gt

18
Enhorn
  • The detention of an individual is such a serious
    measure that it is only justified where other,
    less severe measures have been considered and
    found to be insufficient to safeguard the
    individual or the public interest which might
    require that the person concerned be detained.
    That means that it does not suffice that the
    deprivation of liberty is in conformity with
    national law, it must also be necessary in the
    circumstances

19
Art. 5.1 e for the prevention of the spreading
of infectious diseases
  • Enhorn para. 44 presiserer vurderingstemaet
  • Formål whether the spreading of the infectious
    disease is dangerous to public health or safety,
    and
  • Forholdsmessighet whether detention of the
    person infected is the last resort in order to
    prevent the spreading of the disease, because
    less severe measures have been considered and
    found to be insufficient to safeguard the public
    interest.

20
Art. 5.1 e Unsound mind Winterwerp, para 39.
  • Formål
  • firstly, he must reliably be shown to be of
    unsound mind
  • Forholdsmessighet
  • secondly, the mental disorder must be of a kind
    or degree warranting compulsory confinement and
  • thirdly, the validity of continued confinement
    depends upon the persistence of such a disorder.
  • Furthermore, there must be some relationship
    between the ground of permitted deprivation of
    liberty relied on and the place and conditions of
    detention. In principle, the detention of a
    person as a mental health patient will only be
    lawful for the purposes of sub-paragraph (e) of
    paragraph 1 if effected in a hospital, clinic or
    other appropriate institution
  • Sml. Price-dommen (10.07.2001 krenkelse av
    artikkel 3)
  • sml. også her KMNF art. 14.2 rimelig
    tilrettelegging

21
Artikkel 8 Herczegfalvy
  • Graverende forhold. Bl. a. lenket til sengen i 14
    dager. Ikke krenkelse. Formål og nødvendighet
  • Staten vid skjønnsmargin i nødvendighetsvurderinge
    n
  • the Court attaches decisive weight here to the
    lack of specific information capable of
    disproving the Governments opinion that the
    hospital authorities were entitled to regard the
    applicants psychiatric illness as rendering him
    entirely incapable of taking decisions for
    himself. Consequently, no violation of Article 8
    (art. 8) has been shown in this respect.
  • Kan kritiseres overlater alt til helsepersonell?

22
Art. 3 Herczegfalvy -gt Henaf
  • Herczegfalvy (som forrige s.)
  • En viss skjerpelse i senere praksis

23
Henaf
  • the increasingly high standard being required in
    the area of the protection of human rights and
    fundamental liberties correspondingly and
    inevitably requires greater firmness in assessing
    breaches of the fundamental values of democratic
    societies.
  • As that statement applies to the possibility of a
    harsher classification under Article 3, it
    follows that certain acts previously falling
    outside the scope of Article 3 might in future
    attain the required level of severity.

24
Henaf
  • Although the purpose of such treatment is a
    factor to be taken into account, in particular
    whether it was intended to humiliate or debase
    the victim, the absence of any such purpose does
    not inevitably lead to a finding that there has
    been no violation of Article 3
  • As to the Court's conclusion in Herczegfalvy,
    cited above, in which the shackling of a patient
    in a psychiatric hospital was considered
    worrying but justified on medical grounds, it
    cannot be transposed to the instant case or used
    against the applicant. In the present case, apart
    from the different context in that the hospital
    was not a psychiatric one and there was proper
    police supervision outside the applicant's room,
    no medical grounds were ever cited.
  • Det ble deretter konkludert med at tiltakene var
    unødvendige og uproporsjonale

25
6 Rettigheter ved frihetsberøvelse og annen tvang
  • 6.1 Frihetsberøvelse Artikkel 5.2 til 5.5
  • 6.2 Annen tvang (artiklene 3 og 8)
  • Artikkel 13, ev. artikkel 6.
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