ZigBee

1
ZigBee

• Agenda
• Intro
• Market
• Applications
• Requirements
• Standardization
• Technical
• Specification
• Software stack
• Integration

2
ZigBee

• A very low cost, low power consumption two-way,
  wireless communications standard for automation,
  toys, PC peripherals

3
MARKET
4
ZigBee Mission

• To bring about the existence of a broad range of
  interoperable consumer devices by establishing
  open industry specifications for unlicensed,
  untethered peripheral, control and entertainment
  devices requiring the lowest cost and lowest
  power consumption communications between
  compliant devices anywhere in and around the home.

5
The Need for ZigBee

• Low Power consumption
• 6 months to 5 years battery life for most
  applications
• Low Cost
• At least half the cost of Bluetooth solutions
• High density of nodes per network
• 250 nodes per network, multiple co-located
  networks
• Data rate requirements
• Few bits to 250kbps sufficient
• Simple protocol, Global Implementation
• 2.4GHz
• Standard in a fragmented market
• Many proprietary solutions, interoperability
  issues
• Pent up demand due to lack of standard

6
Objective of ZigBee

• Interoperable consumer devices
• Open industry specification
• Peripheral, control and entertainment
  devicesLowest cost and lowest power consumption
• Anywhere in and around the home

7
Traget Market

• A multimedia PC with interactive gaming options
  or a 32" television equipped with Home Theatre
  features, Internet access (e.g. WebTV) or a video
  gaming console (e.g. Sega, Nintendo, Sony). These
  residents potentially have the need for advanced
  HID and toy solutions that could enhance their
  living or entertainment experiences.
• Low cost solutions for interconnectivity between
  toys, such as, TomoguchisExisting homes with
  installed security, home automation or HVAC
  systems, and new homes with plans for these
  systems.
• The Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) market may
  also find use for ZigBee products for controlling
  multimedia presentations, conference rooms,
  training rooms and automation or control
  functions.

8
Must have features

• Saftey meets Government regulations
• As safe as coordless phone
• Unlicensed Band
• Low Cost BOM
• Reliability
• Throughput degrades gracefully
• Ease of Use
• Ability to add/remove new devices
• Register onceauthenticate each time
• Global market
• Minimum battery life 6months/2 years

9
Network Clusters will grow in the Home
Pre 2001 Model
TV VCR Audio System STB Camcorder...
SATELLITE TERRESTRIAL CABLE OWN CONTENT
PHONE
AV Net
PC Printer Scanner...
MODEM
PC Net
xDSL
Phone Fax...
Tel Net
Environmental Security Medical Domestic app
H.Auto Net
10
Network Clusters will Interconnect/inter-operate
in Home and Away
2001 Model and beyond
TV VCR Audio System STB Camcorder...
SATELLITE TERRESTRIAL CABLE xDSL
PHONE BB Wireless
PC Printer Scanner...
Phone Fax
Environmental Security Medical Domestic app
11
BOM/Node Price Development based on Dataquest,
Instat and BMA Communications

New technologies will lead to a sharp demand
decrease in cost for the different applications
Sharp demand decrease leads on the other hand to
step increase in customer demand For
2000/1, lt300kps BOM lt 6.00 lt22Mbps BOM lt
20-30 gt22Mbps BOM lt 60-70 For
2003/4, lt300kps BOM lt 2.50 lt22Mbps BOM lt
8-18 gt22Mbps BOM lt 20-35
12
Market Size Low Data Rate (No BT)
Source ABI, Dataquest, Internal
13
Market Segmentation 2000 - 2004

• Industrial Applications will drive initial
• market
• Home Environment will become
• Important
• Over time, there will be varied
• Applications (Other)

14
Wireless connectivity outlook
15
Wireless Connectivity Industry Outlook
Range Meters
GSM
GPRS
10,000
Ricochet
1,000
WLAN technologies
HomeRF
OpenAir
100
802.11b
802.11g
ZigBee
Bluetooth
Bandwidth kbps
10
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
16
Wireless Connectivity Industry Outlook
Range Meters
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
10,000
Ricochet
1,000
802.11b
HomeRF
OpenAir
100
Hiper LAN/1
ZigBee
Bluetooth
Bandwidth kbps
10
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
17
Wireless Connectivity Industry Outlook
Range Meters
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
3G
10,000
Ricochet
1,000
HomeRF
802.11a
OpenAir
ZigBee
100
Hiper LAN/2
Bluetooth 2.0
Bluetooth
Bandwidth kbps
10
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
18
Industry Outlook
ZigBee Products on the market
ZigBee ratified (802.15.4)
RF-Lite (ZigBee) SIG created
802.11b standard ratified
First 802.11a products on the market
802.11a standard ratified 2002/03
802.11g standard ratified
1st BT devices on market, BT 1.1 standard rolled
out
BT special interest group becomes public, and BT
1.0 initial specs released
BT 2.0 standard rolled out
HiperLAN 2 standard ratified in 2000
HiperLAN 2 will premier
HiperLAN 1 products on the market
HiperLAN 1 ratified in 1996

2000
2001
2002
2003
1999
19
Target Applications 1

• Desktop PCs and Home Entertainment Systems (Home
  Theatre TV)
• Computer peripherals
• HID devices
• Video conference equipment
• Remote control
• Video gaming equipment
• Multi-player PC video games
• Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor
• Remote controls for audio and video equipment
• PC Enhanced stand alone toys
• In-room coverage
• Homeyard coverage

20
Target Applications 2

• Home appliances/general consumer electronic
  devices
• Existing home security systems, electrical
  heating systems
• Wireless door and opening monitoring, system
  control
• Wireless Keypads
• Smoke and flame detectors
• Lighting and remote control of appliances in the
  home
• Blinds/Shades
• Pool/Spa equipment
• Garage door openers
• Voice Control
• New device categories that have not yet been
  developed, such as news tablets, and keyboards
  with built-in displays

21
Device Examples

• HID devices
• Video gaming equipment
• Multi-player PC video games
• Playing a PC DVD game in front of a TV monitor
• Remote controls for audio and video equipment
• Glass breakage monitoring (sensors)
• Wireless Keypads
• Child Monitor
• Smoke and flame detectors
• Fire Pull stations
• Personal transponders
• Lighting and remote control of appliances in the
  home
• Fireplaces
• Pool/Spa equipment
• Garage door openers

22
Target Market summary
Industrial Commercial
Consumer Electronics

PC Peripherals
Low Data Rate Radio Devices
Personal Healthcare
Home Automation
Toys Games

23
Market Requirements

• Global licence free ISM band operation
• Unrestricted geographic use
• RF penetration through walls ceilings
• Automatic/semi-automatic installation
• Ability to add or remove devices
• Possible voice support

24
Market Requirements, cont...

• 10k-115.2kbps data throughput
• 10-75m coverage range (home/garden)
• Support for 32-255 nodes
• Support for 4 critical devices
• 4-100 co-located networks
• 0.5-2 year battery life
• Up to 5ms-1 permitted mobility
• Module cost 1.5-2.5 in 2003!

25
Applications

• Human Input Devices (HID)
• Keyboard
• Mouse / Pointing Device
• Remote Controls (controls for audio video
  equipment)
• Gaming Device

26
Applications

• Home Automation and Control
• Automation Devices
• Control Devices
• Home Security
• Interactive Toys

27
Success Factors

• Low cost
• Data type support
• Ease of installation
• Reliable data transfer
• Short range operation
• Reasonable battery life
• Unlicensed band
• Unrestricted geographical use
• Global implementation
• Governmental regulations

28
STANDARDIZATION
29
History

• Low-rate solution for HomeRF, January 1998
• Initial MRD, October 1998
• Initial RSI/TRD, October 1999
• Proposals submitted, July 2000
• Initial specification, v0.2, September 2000
• Proposal to IEEE 802.15.4, March 2001
• Proposal accepted by IEEE, July 2001

30
HomeRF-Lite -gt Firefly -gt RF-Lite -gt ZigBee

• Description
• Low data rate (lt250kbps), very low cost
  (BOMlt6.00) consumer market
• Replaces wired solutions that require low data
  rates
• Replaces IrDA links with a low cost wireless
  network
• Simple MAC protocol master-slave or virtual
  point-to-point applications, reduces system
  compexity
• Applications peripherals to PC, temperature
  control, home security, toys, etc.

31
Some Participants(22 Companies in total)
32
Technical
33
Protocol Features

• Master/slave topology
• Automatic network configuration
• Dynamic slave device addressing
• Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing)
• Full handshaking for packet transfers
• Power management features
• Up to 254 ( master) network nodes

34
Protocol Features Cont...

• CSMA-CA channel access mechanism
• 28kbps (Optional) 200kbps (actual) data
  throughput
• Service discovery
• Low impact internet capability

35
ZigBee Protocol Stack
Application
Customer
ZigBee Alliance
IEEE
Silicon
ZigBeeStack
Application
36
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
User Interface
Voice
Intercom
Headset
Cordless
Group Call
vCard
vCal
vNote
vMessage
Dial-up Networking
Fax
Service Discovery Protocol
Telephony Control Protocol
OBEX
HOST
RFCOMM (Serial Port)
L2CAP
Host Control Interface
Link Manager
MODULE
Link Controller
Baseband
RF
Silicon
BluetoothStack
Applications
37
Direct Sequence

• Spread spectrum regulations allow higher transmit
  power
• Longer range
• Transmit power -4 - 20dBm
• Direct sequence
• Faster acquisition than frequency hopping
• Complexity in digital domain (cheaper)
• Spread using length 11 bit Barker sequence
• Optimal autocorrelation properties
• Short sequence gives fast acquisition
• Used in IEEE802.11

38
Raw Bit Rates

• 250kbps
• 28kbps low bit rate option
• Trade data rate for extra range via coding
• Over air bit rate remains 200kbps
• Longer preamble and SOP
• reliable synchronisation at low SNR

39
Range Estimation
Approx. x2
Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model
40
Network Topology
Network coordinator
Network node
Communications flow
41
Other Network Forms
Network coordinator
Ad-hoc network
Network node
Gateway
Communications flow
Gateway enabled network
42
Supported Traffic Types

• Periodic data
• Application defined rate
• Intermittent
• Basic communication
• Repetitive low latency data
• Allocation of guaranteed time slots

43
The Network Coordinator

• Transmits network beacons
• Sets up a network
• Manages network nodes
• Stores network node information
• Routes messages between paired nodes
• Receives constantly

44
The Network Node

• Is generally battery powered
• Searches for available networks
• Transfers data from its application as necessary
• Determines whether data is pending
• Requests data from the network coordinator
• Can sleep for extended periods

45
Stack System Requirements

• 8-bit ?C, e.g. 80c51
• Full protocol stack lt32k
• Simple node only stack 4k
• Coordinators require extra RAM
• node device database
• transaction table
• pairing table

46
ZigBee Chip Set SolutionLow Data Rate, DSSS _at_
2,4GHz
Receive Data
Single Chip DSSS Radio Modem
Micro MAC RAM/ROM
PA
Transmit Data
Baseband
Radio
47
Feature Set RF Front-End IC

• Single chip direct conversion transceiver for
  ZigBee applications in the 2.4GHz ISM band
• DSSS 2.2Mchips/sec
• Integrated antenna filter, LNA, VCO, synthesizer,
  PLL, preamplifier
• 3-wire control bus interface
• Direct conversion architecture from 2.45 GHz RF
  directly base band
• Battery powered design (min. VCC1.8V)
• Output power 4 to 20dBm (0dBm typical)
• Digitally controlled RX gain control for DSSS
• No off-chip components (LNA, Pre PA, VCO,
  Synthesizer)

48
ZigBee Base Band MAC

• Single chip Modem and MAC
• 80C51 (or equivalent) 8-bit low power micro
  controller core
• Interfaces
• Full duplex UART for communication with host
  processor or other devices
• 2 3 wire buses for host and RF Front-end
  communication
• Master/slave I2C
• 2 analog inputs
• Minimum external components for low BOM
• CMOS 0.18 or other low cost similar capablity
  process

49
Low Data Rate Roadmap
One Chip RadioBB Low Cost
Single Chip Solutions
One Chip RadioBB Slave Device
One Chip Radio BB RF CMOS
Two Chip Solutions
BB Slave Device Cost reduced
Single Chip DSSS Radio Modem
Base Band Slave Device
Microprocessor HousekeepingMAC
2005
2002
2004
2003
50
Protocol Features

• Master/slave topology
• Automatic network configuration
• Dynamic slave device addressing
• Virtual peer-to-peer links (pairing)
• Full handshaking for packet transfers
• Power management features
• Up to 254 ( master) network nodes

51
Protocol Features Cont...

• CSMA-CA channel access mechanism
• 15ms frame structure
• TDMA slots can be allocated
• 28kbps 250kbps data throughput
• Service discovery
• Low impact internet capability

52
Frequency Bands
2400.0
2483.5
2446.5
2475.0

• 2.4GHz ISM band
• Channel spacing 4MHz
• F 2404 4k MHz with k 0, 1, , 25
• Common band
• USA, Europe including France and Spain
• 2446.5 2475.0 MHZ
• k 15, , 22 equals 8 channels
• 915MHz ISM band USA only
• 868MHz Europe

USA
Europe
Spain
France
Japan
Common
Harmonization with FCC in progress
53
Raw Bit Rates

• 250kbps
• 28kbps low bit rate option
• Trade data rate for extra range via coding
• Over air bit rate remains 250kbps
• Longer preamble and SOP
• reliable synchronisation at low SNR

54
Range Estimation (meters)
Approx. x2
Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model
55
Summary

• Solution that effectively addresses the needs of
  the target market place with
• Low data rate (lt250Kbps)
• Low cost ( BT/2)
• Very low power (6 months - 2 years on 2 AA
  batteries.)
• Network Solution

56
ZigBee vs. Bluetooth
57
Bluetooth Network Topology

• Pico-net
• 1 master
• 7 active slaves
• 200 parked slaves
• Each network has a unique hopping pattern / ID

• Radio Design
• All radios are symmetric (can be master or slave)
  

58
Networking

• ZigBee
• Large master-slave networks, with fast access
• Slave - initiated communication, (minimises
  slave energy requirements)
• Virtual peer-peer device pairing links

• Bluetooth
• Dynamic ad-hoc transient Pico-nets
• Dynamic master role negotiation
• Extensive profiles to ensure compatibility
• Active / Park modes

59
Typical Applications

• ZigBee
• Static networks between low cost devices
• Sensors
• Automation and control
• Data exchange

• Bluetooth
• Ad-hoc networks between capable devices
• Handsfree audio
• Screen graphics, pictures
• File transfer

60
Air Interface
ZigBee - Control Applications Bluetooth - Audio

• ZigBee
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• 250kb/s
• Optimised for short packets
• CSMA channel access
• TDMA slots can be allocated for critical devices

• Bluetooth
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(1600 hop/s)
• 720kb/s (for voice, audio and bulk data)
• Poll - reply channel access
• Very low latency frame structure (lt1ms)

61
Power Considerations

• ZigBee
• 2 years from normal batteries
• Designed to optimise slave power requirements

• Bluetooth
• Power model as a mobile phone (regular charging)
• Designed to maximise ad-hoc functionality

62
Timing Considerations

• ZigBee
• New slave enumeration 30ms typically
• Sleeping slave changing to active 15ms
  typically
• Active slave channel access time 15ms
  typically

• Bluetooth
• New slave enumeration gt3s
• Sleeping slave changing to active 3s typically
• Active slave channel access time 2ms typically

63
Error / Security Considerations
64
Cost Standpoint

• ZigBee
• Minimum slave cost
• Minimum software and processing (80C51), no host
  platform
• System design for eventual single-chip
  antenna-to-application realisation

• Bluetooth
• Low added cost connectivity
• Take advantage of host processor power (ARM7)
• 802.11 functionality but with simplified r.f.
  specifications

65
Solution Prices
Two different solutions optimised for different
applications...