Pan Am Flight 103 PAN

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Pan Am Flight 103 PAN

• Eunice Tejeda

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Pan Am Flight 103

• A Pan American World Airways' third daily
  scheduled transatlantic flight from London's
  Heathrow International Airport to New York's John
  F. Kennedy International Airport.

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Pan Am Flight 103

• On December 21, 1988 Pan Am Flight 103 exploded
  at 31,000 feet over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing
  259 people on the plane and 11 on the ground.
  British investigators concluded that a bomb in
  the luggage compartment caused the midair
  disintegration of Pan Am Flight 103.

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The Response

• The Federal Aviation Administration imposes new
  security measures on American airlines that fly
  out of 103 airports in Western Europe and the
  Middle East

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March of 1990

• Czechoslovak President Vaclav Havel discloses
  that his country's former Communist regime
  supplied to the Libyan government 1,000 tons of
  Semtex a virtually undetectable explosive
  believed to have been used in the bombing of Pan
  Am Flight 103

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Presidential Commission on Aviation Security and
Terrorism

• In Aug. 4, 1989, more than seven months after the
  Pan Am Boeing 747 exploded. A presidential
  commission was formed. The commission placed
  much of the blame for the 1988 terrorist bombing
  of Pan Am Flight 103 on a "seriously flawed"
  aviation security system, beginning with inept
  and confused Pan Am security at Frankfurt and
  London and compounded by the Federal Aviation
  Administration's failure to enforce its rules.

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Presidential Commission on Aviation Security and
Terrorism

• The commission said the plastic bomb aboard Pan
  Am 103 would have to have been twice as heavy to
  be detected by the machines at the settings the
  FAA has prescribed. The commission found fault
  throughout the government, from the FAA to the
  State Department, which it blamed for failing to
  adequately aid and inform the families of the
  victims. Only the U.S. intelligence system,
  including the CIA, did its job adequately, the
  commission said.

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Presidential Commission on Aviation Security and
Terrorism

• The commission said that for many months before
  and after the crash, Pan Am failed to follow
  written federal security guidelines, employed
  poorly trained security personnel and generally
  ran a lax security apparatus in Frankfurt and
  London. It said that despite 630,000 in fines,
  problems were not cleared up until 10 months
  after the crash.

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November 14, 1991

• The United States and Britain announced criminal
  charges against two Libyan intelligence officers
  (Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah
  Fhimah for the bombing and said the evidence also
  suggested involvement by higher-level aides to
  Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi.
• Gadhafi subsequently refuses to turn over the
  suspects

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November 27, 1992

• The United States, Britain and France condemns
  Libya's continued refusal to surrender the
  intelligence agents accused in the bombing and
  threatened new efforts to compel Libya to
  cooperate in bringing the suspects to justice.

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August 24, 1998

• The United States and Britain announce a proposal
  to convene a Scottish court in the Netherlands in
  an effort to bring the two Libyan agents to
  trial.

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Verdict

• Megrahi was sentenced to life in prison and is
  serving his sentence in Greenock prison, near
  Glasgow. He has always claimed that he is
  innocent.
• Lamin Khalifah Fhimah was found not guilty and
  was acquitted

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Sources

• Duffy, S. E. (1990). The Fall of Pan Am 103
  Inside the Lockerbie Investigation. GP Putnam's
  Sons.
• Lardner, D. P. (1990, May 16). Laxity by Pan Am,
  FAA Blamed in Jet Bombing. Washington Post .
• Rowan, R. (2001, June 24). Pan Am 103 Why did
  they die? Time.
• Smith, B. M. (1992, March 24). The Flight 103
  Puzzle has been Solved. International Herald
  Tribune .
• Smith, C. S. (2007). From Disaster to Crisis The
  Failed Turnaround of Pan American Airlines.
  Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management ,
  1 (3), 138-151.
• Takeyh, R. (2001, May/June). The Rogue Who Came
  in From the Cold. Foreign Affairs .
• The Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. (1999).
  Washington Post .

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