Topics that seem unrelated, but will make sense when we are done! - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Topics that seem unrelated, but will make sense when we are done!

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Topics that seem unrelated, but will make sense when we are done! – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Topics that seem unrelated, but will make sense when we are done!


1
Topics that seem unrelated, but will make sense
when we are done!
2
States and their Locations
  • Shatterbelts
  • State or group of states that exists within a
    sphere of competition between larger states and
    is often culturally, economically, and
    politically fragmented and splintered
  • Eastern Europe
  • Existed as a sphere of competition between
    U.S.S.R. and western powers
  • Buffer States and Zones
  • A buffer state is an independent country located
    between two larger countries that are in conflict
  • Russia and China have warred over boundaries for
    centuries, but Mongolia, a buffer, has helped
    reduce direct confrontation between the two
    states
  • Satellite States
  • Countries controlled by another, more powerful
    state
  • During the Cold War, the Soviet Union worked to
    dominate the Eastern European buffer zone and
    install Communist satellite states there
  • Called the Iron Curtain

3
When States Change
  • Devolution
  • Definition
  • Process of transferring some power from the
    central government to regional governments
  • Often refers to the transfer of power that occurs
    when a state breaks up
  • States facing centrifugal forces are often forced
    to transfer to regional governments to reduce
    tensions
  • Scotland
  • Pushed for more autonomy in 1990s
  • England devolved more power to Scotland
  • Given own representative parliament
  • Centrifugal
  • Divide and tear apart a states people and
    regions
  • Can lead to Balkanization
  • Broke apart Soviet Union
  • Examples
  • Separatism in a region
  • Internal boundary conflicts
  • Deep religious divisions
  • Centripetal
  • Unify a states people and regions
  • Examples
  • Unifying symbols
  • Pledge of allegiance
  • Strong identity based on language, religion, or
    other cultural traits.

4
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5
Suprationalism
  • Future of worlds sovereign states challenged by
    globalization
  • States are willingly transferring authority to
    regional organizations
  • Established primarily through economic
    cooperation
  • Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?

6
Supranationalism
  • Definition
  • Growing trend to organize political and economic
    affairs at the international level rather than
    national level
  • Refer to entities in which three or more
    countries form an alliance for cultural,
    economic, or military reasons.
  • Created so that states can collectively reach a
    common goal they may not be able to reach
    independently
  • Issues
  • If a country threatens other states,
    supranational organizations may impose sanctions
  • Punishments in the form of economic and/or
    diplomatic limits
  • Example Iraq
  • Growth of Supranational alliances challenges
    conceptions of state sovereignty
  • Often must give up some powers
  • Example European Union
  • Countries were reluctant to give up their
    currencies and covert to the Euro

7
Political and Military Cooperation
  • International and regional organizations were
    established primarily to prevent a third world
    war in the twentieth century and protect
    countries from a foreign attack
  • Some examples
  • United Nations
  • Warsaw Pact
  • NATO
  • ASEAN
  • European Union
  • African Union

8
Supranationalism Activity
  • The poster will include
  • Mission of the organization what do you
    provide?
  • When established and why
  • How do countries join? How many countries belong?
  • What are the benefits of belonging to the group?
  • What countries lead this organization?
  • Each group will be assigned a Supranational group
    and will create a small poster
  • Groups
  • OPEC -EU
  • NATO -WHO
  • UN -IMF
  • AU -OAS

9
Why has Terrorism Increased?
10
Terrorism by individuals or organizations
  • Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a
    group in order to intimidate a population or
    coerce a government into granting its demands
  • Terrorists attempt to achieve their objectives
    through organized acts that spread fear and
    anxiety throughout the population
  • Terrorists consider violence necessary as a means
    of bringing widespread publicity to goals

11
Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations
  • Term terror first used during French Revolution
    1793
  • Today Terrorism used to describe actions of
    groups operating outside government
  • Distinguishing terrorism from other acts of
    violence sometimes difficult why?

12
Terrorism against Americans
  • 1988 Pan Am Flight 103
  • Lockerbie, Scotland
  • Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on the ground
  • 1993 World Trade Center
  • Car bomb
  • Damaged building
  • Killed 6, injured 1,000
  • 1995 Oklahoma City
  • Car bomb
  • Killed 168 people in Federal Building
  • 1996 Saudi Arabia
  • Truck bomb killed 19 US Soldiers, injured more
    than 100
  • Targeted American apartment complex
  • 1998 US Embassies
  • Both Kenya and Tanzania
  • Bombed
  • Killed 190, wounded 5,000
  • 2000 USS Cole
  • Bombed while in Yemen
  • Killed 17 US Servicemen
  • Others
  • Ted Kaczynski the Unabomber
  • Killed 3 people, injuring 23 others

13
Pan Am Flight 103
14
World Trade Center 1993
15
Oklahoma City 1995
16
1996 Saudi Arabia
17
1998 US Embassies
18
2000 USS Cole
19
September 11, 2001
  • WTC and Pentagon attacked
  • Over 3,000 died
  • 93 on American Airlines Flight 11
  • 65 on United Airlines Flight 175
  • 2,605 at the WTC
  • 64 on American Airlines Flight 77
  • 125 at the Pentagon
  • 44 on United Airlines Flight 93

20
Al-Qaeda
  • Responsible for most attacks in 1990s, as well as
    Sept.11
  • Founded by Osama bin Laden
  • Saudi billionaire
  • Moved to Afghanistan in 1980s to support fight
    against Soviet Union
  • Called the fight a jihad
  • Recruited Muslim militants
  • Returned to Saudi Arabia after war ended, but was
    expelled
  • Moved to Sudan but was expelled for attacks
    against American in 1994
  • Issued a declaration of war against US in 1996
    because of US support of Israel and supporting
    Saudi Arabian monarchy
  • Issued a fatwa (religious decree) arguing the
    Muslims had a duty to wage a Holy War against the
    U.S.

21
Al-Qaeda
  • Means foundation
  • Created in 1990 to unite jihad fighters
  • Membership around 20,000
  • Located in 34 countries
  • Several cells
  • Most live in ordinary society, called sleepers
  • Implicated in several bombings
  • Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Britain, Egypt, Jordan
  • Not a single unified organization
  • Number unknown
  • Use religion to justify attacks

22
Al-Qaeda cells
  • Cells
  • Spain
  • Kenya
  • Jemmah Isamiyah
  • Southeast Asia
  • Concentrated in Indonesia
  • Several bombings
  • Oct 12, 2002- killed 202
  • Aug 5, 2003- killed 12
  • Sept 9, 2004- killed 11
  • Oct 1, 2005- killed 23

23
State Support for Terrorism
  • Several Middle East states have supported
    terrorism in recent years by
  • Provide sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other
    countries
  • Supply weapons, money, and intelligence to other
    terrorists
  • Plan attacks using terrorists
  • Libya
  • Accused of sponsoring terrorists in 1986 bombing
    of Germany nightclub
  • US relations poor with Libya since 1981
  • U.S. responded with air strikes in Tripoli and
    Benghazi
  • Libyan agents planted bombs on Pan Am Flight 170
    in 1988 as well as on UTA Flight 772
  • UN Sanctions followed
  • Libya renounced terrorism in 2003

24
Afghanistan
  • Removal of Taliban unleashed new struggle for
    control of Afghanistan
  • Taliban were able to regroup
  • Civil war began in 1973 when king was overthrown
  • 5 years later a bloody coup was led by Soviet
    Union
  • Sent in 115,000 troops into Afghanistan in 1979
    to quell the Muslim fundamentalists rebellion
  • Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 and the
    Soviet-backed government fell by 1992
  • Taliban gained control over most of the country
  • 6 years of Taliban rule came to an end in 2001
    following US invasion
  • Went after terrorists
  • Taliban harbored bin Laden

25
Iraq
  • Iraq is divided into 150 tribes
  • Most Iraqis have loyalty to tribes not government
  • Ethnic groups split into regions
  • Sunni vs Shiite war
  • Saddam became president in 1979
  • Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in stalemate in 1988
  • 1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi Kurds
  • 1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait
  • Led to Operation Desert Storm (U.S. led)
  • Allowed to stay in power as long as he disabled
    weapons program
  • U.S. linked Saddam to Al-Qaeda
  • U.S. invaded in 2003
  • Changed to a focus on a new regime change after
    no WMDs found

26
Iran
  • Hostile with U.S. since 1979 revolution
  • The pro-US shah was overthrown
  • Ayatollah Khomeini proclaimed Iran an Islamic
    Republic
  • Rewrote constitution of Iran
  • Today US worried about
  • Iran harboring and aiding terrorists
  • Building nuclear weapons

27
Pakistan
  • Created after Partition in 1947
  • War of Terror has spilled into Pakistan
  • Pakistan is multi-ethnic state
  • Overwhelmingly Muslim
  • Taliban controls border with Afghanistan
  • Rugged, mountainous area
  • Hid bin Laden in Pakistan
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