B Physics at a Super B Factory: The Physics Case and Detector

1
B Physics at a Super B Factory The Physics Case
and Detector

• David B. MacFarlane
• DESY Seminar
• November 9, 2004

2
Initial goals for B Factories
Exploring CKM picture or alternative origins for
CP violation
3
sin2b results from charmonium modes
Belle 2003
BABAR
Update for ICHEP04
BABAR PUB-04/038
Belle CONF-0436
4
Summary of constraints on a
BABAR Belle combined
Mirror solutions disfavored
5
Combined GLW and ADS constraint on g
BABAR Belle combined
6
B Factories have been very successful!

• First precise test for CKM picture of CPV
• sin2b 0.7260.037, precision measurement (5)
• Progress on other angles
• a from Srr and rp Dalitz
• 2bg from
• g from (w/ D Daltiz)
• And on sides

Paradigm change!
Now looking for New Physics as correction to CKM
7
Possible New Physics addition SUSY

• MSSM parameters gt 100!
• squark/slepton mass matrix
• Sensitive to SUSY breaking mechanism.
• New sources of flavor mixing

masses mixing angles phases
b and t are both 3rd generation probe both 3?2,
3?1 transitions
8
Potential New Physics contributions
Internal Penguin
9
Averages for sin2b and s-penguin modes
No sign of Direct CP in averages
10
PEP-II integrated luminosity
PEP-II Records
Peak luminosity 0.923x1034 cm-2 s-1
Best shift 246.3 pb-1
Best day 710.5 pb-1
Best 7 days 4.464 fb-1
Best week 4.464 fb-1
Best month 16.72 fb-1
Best 30 days 17.04 fb-1
BABAR logged 246.4 fb-1
(as of July 4, 2004)
(as of July 31, 2004)
11
Projected performance of PEP-II
Luminosity (x1034) 0.9 2.4 Units
e 3.1 3.1 GeV
e- 9.0 9.0 GeV
I 2.45 4.5 A
I- 1.55 2.2 A
b(y) 11 8 mm
b(x) 30 30 cm
Bunch length 10 7.5 mm
bunches 1588 1700
Crossing angle 0 0 mrad
Tune shifts (x/y) 4.5/7 8/8 x100
rf frequency 476 476 MHz
Site power 40 40 MW
For 05 06 shutdowns Additional LER and HER rf
stations, vacuum chamber upgrades, stronger B1
separation field,
12
PEP II luminosity projections
1.5 ab-1
0.5 ab-1
13
KEKB luminosity projections
Integrated 1 ab-1
44 fb-1/month
24 fb-1/month
Crab cavity beam test
18 fb-1/month
14
Projections for penguin modes
f0KS KSp0 jKS hKS KKKS
Luminosity expectations
2004240 fb-1 20091.5 ab-1
Kg
Similar projections for Belle as well
5s discovery region if non-SM physics is 30
effect
2009
2004
Projections are statistical errors only but
systematic errors at few percent level
15
Opportunities for Super B Factory

• Current program of PEP-II/BABAR and KEKB/Belle
  could attain 1-2 ab-1 by end of the decade
• Data samples will be about 6x larger than now and
  100-200x times larger than CLEO

• With such a large increase in sensitivity to rare
  decays, expect that there is a significant
  discovery potential
• Rich program of flavor physics/CP violation to be
  pursued

• Even larger samples may offer opportunity to
  search for new physics in CP violation and rare
  decays
• High-luminosity asymmetric ee- colliders with
  luminosities 1035-1036 cm-2s-1 and up to 10
  ab-1/year Super B Factory

• Emphasis on discovery potential and
  complementarity in an era when LHC is operating,
  along with LHCb and BTeV (?)
• Complementary flavor physics if LHC discovers
  SUSY, etc discovery window if no new physics
  seen?

16
Super-KEKB upgrades
Interaction region Crab crossing q 30 mrad by
3 mm New QCS
New beam pipe
More rf power
Damping ring
Linac upgrade
LOI (Jan 04) for SuperKEKB http//belle.kek.jp/su
perb/
17
Super KEKB luminosity projection
Integrated 10 ab-1
450 fb-1/month
Lpeak (cm-2s-1)
1.4x1034
3x1034
2.5x1035
Crab cavity beam test
14 month shutdown
52 fb-1/month
Now
44 fb-1/month
24 fb-1/month
18
BABAR Roadmap Study Jan July 04

• Defining physics case for Super B Factory
• Emphasis on sensitivity to new physics in CP
  violation rare decays
• Emphasis on need capability for precision SM
  measurements
• Requirements of viable project plans
• Estimates for duration of approval and funding
  process
• Collider options and upgrade capabilities
• Detector capabilities requirements in light of
  projected backgrounds
• Integrated scenarios for collider and detector
  construction, with implications for time to first
  data
• Projections of physics reach in light of
  competition other opportunities
• Projections of samples and sensitivities
  analysis of physics reach

19
SLAC options for High-Luminosity B Factory
Luminosity (x1034) 0.9 2.4 15 25 70 Units
e 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.5 8.0 GeV
e- 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 3.5 GeV
I 2.45 4.5 8.7 11.0 6.8 A
I- 1.55 2.2 3.0 4.8 15.5 A
b(y) 11 8 3.6 3.0 1.5 mm
b(x) 30 30 30 25 15 cm
Bunch length 10 7.5 4 3.4 1.7 mm
bunches 1588 1700 1700 3450 6900
Crossing angle 0 0 0 11 15 mrad
Tune shifts (x/y) 4.5/7 8/8 11/11 11/11 11/11 x100
rf frequency 476 476 476 476 952 MHz
Site power 40 40 75 85 100 MW
J.Seeman
20
SLAC options for High-Luminosity B Factory
Luminosity (x1034) 0.9 2.4 15 25 70 Units
e 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.5 8.0 GeV
e- 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 3.5 GeV
I 2.45 4.5 8.7 11.0 6.8 A
I- 1.55 2.2 3.0 4.8 15.5 A
b(y) 11 8 3.6 3.0 1.5 mm
b(x) 30 30 30 25 15 cm
Bunch length 10 7.5 4 3.4 1.7 mm
bunches 1588 1700 1700 3450 6900
Crossing angle 0 0 0 11 15 mrad
Tune shifts (x/y) 4.5/7 8/8 11/11 11/11 11/11 x100
rf frequency 476 476 476 476 952 MHz
Site power 40 40 75 85 100 MW
Chosen Option
J.Seeman
21
Possible Timeline for Super PEP Program
Construct upgrades for L 5-7x1035
Super B Operation
Super-B Program
RD, Design, Proposals and Approvals
2001
2003
2010
2008
2006
2005
2012
2011
Construction
Installation
LOI
CDR
Commission
P5
Planned PEP-II Program
(June 30, 2003)
(End 2006)
(PEP-II ultimate)
22
Considerations for detector systems

• Extrapolation of backgrounds with and without
  luminosity component spatial and/or angular
  distributions if significant
• Performance degradation with occupancy and
  projected limits likewise radiation damage and
  projected limits
• Detector options for 5-10x1035 machines.

What are limits of current technologies?
Long extrapolation from current background
studies, which include significant
luminosity-dependent component
Depends critically on design of interaction
region, beam separation scheme
23
BABAR Detector
EMC 6580 CsI(Tl) crystals
1.5T solenoid
e (3.1GeV)
DIRC (PID) 144 quartz bars 11000 PMs
Drift Chamber 40 layers
e- (9GeV)
Silicon Vertex Tracker 5 layers, double sided
strips
Instrumented Flux Return iron / RPCs or LSTs
(muon / neutral hadrons)
24
Interaction region design
PEP-II Head-On IR Layout

• SR in bend quadrupole magnets
• Current dependent terms due to residual vacuum

25
Luminosity-dependent backgrounds
PEP-II Head-On IR Layout

• SR in bend quadrupole magnets
• Current dependent terms due to residual vacuum
• Bhabha scattering at IP

26
IR concept for a Super B-Factory
12 mr crossing angle

• No background calculations yet

Can luminosity component be reduced?
M.Sullivan
27
SVT backgrounds top module
Assumes striplets increase granularity 4-fold
28
Monolithic Active Pixels

• Option for very high luminosity is MAPS
  Monolithic Active Pixels sensor and electronics
  on the same substrate.
• RD on monolithic pixels has started in several
  places.
• Possible approaches
• Integrate electronics on the high resistivity
  substrate usually employed for sensors
• Active components are not of the best quality
• The fabrication process is highly non-standard
  with large feature size (gt1-2mm)
• Use the low resistivity substrate of standard
  CMOS process as sensor
• Can use standard sub-micron process with
  state-of-the-art electronics

Far from a proven technology fundamental RD
required
29
DCH occupancy based on 2004 studies
100 Lumi term
20 Lumi term
4 x cells
4 x cells
30
Options for beyond 2x1035

• Replace wire chamber by all silicon tracking
• Leave SVT geometry unchanged replace DCH with
  4-layer silicon tracker with lampshade modules.
  Remove support tube
• Radii of barrel part of SVT modules 3.3, 4.0,
  5.9, 12.2, 14.0 cm
• Radii of barrel part of CST modules 25,35,45,60
  cm

Current detector
All silicon tracker
60 cm
31
Momentum resolution
32
Calorimeter background projections
Radiation Damage Projections
Degradation of light output with luminosity
Integrated Luminosity (2008) 1 ab-1 (2x1035) 10 ab-1 (1036) 100 ab-1
Backward Barrel 0.88 0.78 X
Forward Barrel 0.82 0.61 X
Endcap Small rings 0.82 0.69 X
Endcap Large rings 0.71 0.53 X
EMC lifetime limit about 20 ab-1
33
Radiation-hard calorimeter options

• Lutetium (Yttrium) OxyOrthosilicate LSO or
  LYSO
• Fast light output in 40ns solves occupancy
  problem.
• Smaller radiation length 1.15cm (CsI 1.86cm) and
  Moliere radius 2.3 cm (CsI 3.8cm)
• Believed to be radiation hard to 100MRad!
• Currently cost is 40/cc pushes radius towards
  700mm
• Liquid Xenon
• Fast light output again, within 20ns.
• Radiation length is 2.9cm need all of radial
  space between 700 and 1350mm for cryostat, liquid
  Xenon and readout.
• Moliere radius 5.7cm long. sampling to separate
  overlaps.
• Cost of Liquid Xenon is 2.5/cc

Both Rad Hard crystal and Liquid Xenon options
require EMC inner radius reduction to about 70cm
need to replace DRC bars as well
34
Muon/KL upgrades

• Forward endcap RPCs will not survive 2x1035
• Outer layers see large LER background (part of
  which will be shielded after summer 2004)
• Inner layers see large Lumi background at small
  radii
• Plan already in the works to replace forward
  endcap with LSTs (in avalanche mode)
• Barrel LSTs installed in summer 2004 and again
  summer 2005 should be ok for all scenarios
• Not clear if there is interest in replacing
  backward endcap RPCs due to limited acceptance
  loss

35
Super PEP upgrade plan
LER replacement
HER replacement
952 MHz rf
SVT striplets
Silicon outer tracker
Rad Hard EMC
DRC replacement
Operational goal
5.0
7.0 x 1035
2.5
36
Super PEP upgrade plan
LER replacement
HER replacement
952 MHz rf
SVT striplets
Thin pixels
Silicon outer tracker
Rad Hard EMC
DRC replacement
Operational goal
5.0
7.0 x 1035
2.5
37
Important factors in upgrade direction

• Project is tunable
• Can react to physics developments
• Can react to changing geopolitical situation
• Project anti-commutes with linear collider
• Will emerge from BABAR and Belle, but could be
  attractive to wider community in context of other
  opportunities
• As we learn more about machine and detector
  requirements and design, can fine tune goals and
  plans within this framework
• Project has headroom
• Major upgrades to detector and machine, but none
  contingent upon completing fundamental RD
• Headroom for detector up to 5 x 1035 with thin
  pixels beyond
• Headroom for machine up to 8.5 x 1035 requires
  additional rf, which can be staged into machine
  over time

38
Super KEKB upgrade plan
Less ambitious, but simpler with fewer machine
and detector upgrades
Vacuum pipe, linac, damping rings, additional rf
SVT striplets
Wire chamber
CsI EMC endcap
TOP RICH
Operational goal
2.5 x 1035
39
Physics capabilities angle projections
Unitarity Triangle Angles degrees
ee- ab-1
Hadronic b 1yr
Measurement
3
10
50
LHCb
BTeV
a(pp) (Spp, B? pp BRs isospin)
6.7
3.9
2.1
-
-
1.6, 1.3
1, 0.6
2.5 -5
a(rp) (Isospin, Dalitz) (syst ?3?)
3, 2.3
4
a (rr) (penguin, isospin, statsyst)
2.9
1.5
0.72
b(J/?KS) (all modes)
0.3
0.17
0.09
0.57
0.49
g(B?D()K) (ADS)
2-3
10
lt13
g(all methods)
1.2-2
Theory a 5, b 1, g 0.1
40
Unitarity Triangle from Super-B
50 ab-1
5 ab-1
T.Iijima _at_FPCP
41
CP Violation in b?s penguins
Rare Decays, New Physics, CPV
ee- ab-1
Hadronic b 1yr
Goal
Measurement
3
10
50
LHCb
BTeV
SM lt5
8.7
3.9
16 (?)
S(B0?fKS)
16
7 (?)
S(B0?fKSfKL)
SM lt5
S(B?h'Ks )
SM lt5
5.7
3
1
S(B?Ksp0)
SM lt5
8.2
5
4
S(B?Ksp0g)
SM lt2
11.4
6
4
ACP (b?sg)
SM lt0.5
2.4
1
0.5
ACP(B?Kg)
SM lt0.5
0.59
0.32
0.14
-
-
CPV in mixing (q/p)
lt0.6
-
-
42
Projections for Super B Factory
f0KS KSp0 jKS hKS KKKS
Luminosity expectations
Super B Factory 5-7x1035 cm-2s-1
Kg
5s discovery region if non-SM physics is 15
effect
2012
2004
Projections are statistical errors only but
systematic errors at few percent level
43
ACP(BfKS) vs SUSY models
mSUGRA tanb 30
U(2) tanb 30
ACPmix
SU(5)nR tanb 30 degenerate
SU(5)nR tanb 30 nondegenerate
44
ACP(BXSg) vs SUSY models
5 ab-1
50 ab-1
Direct CPV
Mixing CPV
mSUGRA tanb 30
U(2) tanb 30
mSUGRA tanb 30
U(2) tanb 30
ACPmix
ACPmix
SU(5)nR tanb 30 nondegenerate
SU(5)nR tanb 30 degenerate
SU(5)nR tanb 30 nondegenerate
SU(5)nR tanb 30 degenerate
45
Pattern of deviation from SM prediction
Unitarity Triangle
Rare Decays
Bd unitarity e Dms BfKS BMSg indirect CP bsg direct CP
mSUGRA - - - - -
SU(5) SUSY GUT nR (degenerate) - - -
SU(5) SUSY GUT nR (nondegenerate) - - -
U(2) flavor symmtry
Large Sizable, - Small
Y.Okada
46
CP Violation in b?s penguins
Rare Decays, New Physics, CPV
ee- ab-1
Hadronic b 1yr
Goal
Measurement
3
10
50
LHCb
BTeV
SM lt0.25
8.7
3.9
16 (?)
S(B0?fKS)
16
7 (?)
Discovery potential at Super B for non-SM physics
S(B0?fKSfKL)
SM lt0.25
S(B?h'Ks )
SM lt0.3
5.7
3
1
S(B?Ksp0)
SM lt0.2
8.2
5
4
S(B?Ksp0g)
SM lt0.1
11.4
6
4
ACP (b?sg)
SM lt0.5
2.4
1
0.5
ACP(B?Kg)
SM lt0.5
0.59
0.32
0.14
-
-
CPV in mixing (q/p)
lt0.6
-
-
47
More Rare decays precision
Rare Decays New Physics
ee- ab-1
Hadronic b 1 yr
Goal
Measurement
3
10
50
LHCb
BTeV
G(b?dg) / G(b?sg)
-
-
SM8x10-3
5.6
2.5
-
B(B?D()tn)
10.2
-
SM 51 excl 4x10-6
B(B?snn) (K-,0,K-,0)
3s
-
-
B(B?invisible)
lt2x10-6
lt1x10-6
lt4x10-7
-
-
B(Bd ?mm)
-
-
1-2 evts
1-2 evts
B(Bd ?tt)
-
-
-
-
B(t?mg)
lt10-8
-
-
48
Lepton Flavor Violation
LFV in neutrino sector already seen (at maximal
mixing)
LFV in charged leptons?

• SM zero good place to look for NP
• Tau lepton is heaviest 3rd generation
• Rate enhancement
• Probes 32(m) 31(e) transition
• SUSY GUT correlation to bs transition

49
Tau LFV search
T.Iijima _at_FPCP
Improved analysis?
CLEO
10 ab-1
Current
Searches reach BF sensitivity 10-8 with 10 ab-1
50
More Rare decays precision
Rare Decays New Physics
ee- ab-1
Hadronic b 1 yr
Goal
Measurement
3
10
50
LHCb
BTeV
G(b?dg) / G(b?sg)
-
-
SM8x10-3
5.6
2.5
-
B(B?D()tn)
10.2
-
Discovery potential at Super B for non-SM physics
SM 51 excl 4x10-6
B(B?snn) (K-,0,K-,0)
3s
-
-
B(B?invisible)
lt2x10-6
lt1x10-6
lt4x10-7
-
-
B(Bd ?mm)
-
-
1-2 evts
1-2 evts
B(Bd ?tt)
-
-
-
-
B(t?mg)
lt10-8
-
-
Discovery potential at Super B for non-SM physics
51
b?sll- precision
New Physics Kll-, sll-
ee- ab-1
Hadronic b 1 yr
Goal
Measurement
3
10
50
LHCb
BTeV
B(B?Kmm-) /B(B?Kee-)
SM 1
8
4
2
-
-
ACP(B?Kll-) all
SM lt5
6
3
1.5
1.5
2
ACP(B?Kll-) high mass
SM lt5
12
6
3
3
4
AFB(B?Kll-) s0 AFB(B?Kll-) ACP
SM 5
20
9
9
12
AFB(B?sll-) s0
27
15
6.7
AFB(B?sll-) C9 , C10
36-55
20-30
9-13
52
b?sll- precision
New Physics Kll-, sll-
ee- ab-1
Hadronic b 1 yr
Goal
Measurement
3
10
50
LHCb
BTeV
B(B?Kmm-) /B(B?Kee-)
SM 1
8
4
2
-
-
Discovery potential at Super B for non-SM physics
ACP(B?Kll-) all
SM lt5
6
3
1.5
1.5
2
ACP(B?Kll-) high mass
SM lt5
12
6
3
3
4
AFB(B?Kll-) s0 AFB(B?Kll-) ACP
SM 5
20
9
9
12
AFB(B?sll-) s0
27
15
6.7
AFB(B?sll-) C9 , C10
36-55
20-30
9-13
53
Conclusions

• Strong physics case for Super B Factory
• Program rests on ability to explore of new
  physics through flavor couplings and phases
• Complementary to LHC collider experiments
• Complementary to hadron b experiments could even
  be viewed as natural successor
• Precision Standard Model physics a second
  fundamental pillar of program
• Builds on proven track record of high-luminosity
  storage rings and general purpose ee- detectors
• Builds on our present knowledge of CP violation
  and rare B decays expect that case will only
  strengthen as we explore ever increasing data
  samples over the next few years

Feasible complementary to LHC/ILC for exploring
New Physics
54
Conclusions

• Arguments will evolve with time and data
• Perhaps our data is already hinting at new
  physics, which will motivate further precision
  studies of flavor physics
• Perhaps LHC will directly see new physics, with
  new couplings and phases that need to be explored
  at a Super B Factory
• Next Steps
• Working towards merging Super B efforts with
  Belle and engaging wider community in exploring
  physics capabilities
• Super KEKB seeking approval and funding in Japan
• Super PEP moving to develop a conceptual and
  technical design for a very high luminosity
  facility

Joint Super B Workshop in Hawaii in spring 2005
Aim is to get a Super B Factory operational early
in the next decade
55
References

• EOI and LOI (KEK-Report 2004-04, Jan 04) for
  SuperKEKB http//belle.kek.jp/superb/
• Physics at Super B Factory, hep-ex/0406071
• Super B Workshop in Hawaii (Jan 04)
  http//www.phys.hawaii.edu/superb04/
• BABAR Roadmap Report (Jul 04)
• SLAC 1036 Workshop (available shortly)
• T.Iijimas talk on Super B Factories at FPCP05

56
Backup Slides
57
Projecting Physics Reach

• Working assumptions for projections
• LHCb
• Start in Jan 2008 with 50 of design for 2 years
• BTEV
• Start in Jan 2010 with 50 of design for 2 years
• Rolling start for Super B Factory
• Oct 2011 2.5x1035
• Oct 2012 5x1035
• Oct 2013 7x1035 with replacement of inner SVT
  by thin pixel device

58
Projections for rr-
PEP-II, KEKB
Super B-Factory 10/2011
Effective number of tagged events
Error on sine amplitude
SuperB
59
Projections for Kg
PEP-II, KEKB
Super B-Factory 10/2011
Effective number of tagged events
Error on sine amplitude
SuperB
60
Tagged Sample Projections for jK0
Effective number of tagged events
SuperB LHCb BTEV
61
Error Projections for jK0
PEP-II, KEKB
Error on sine amplitude
Super B-Factory 10/2011
SuperB LHCb BTEV
62
Projections for pp-
s(Spp)
Lint
Effective number of tagged events
Error on sine amplitude
PEP-II, KEKB
Super B-Factory 10/2011
SuperB LHCb BTEV
63
Projections for 2-Body Isospin Analysis
Effective number of tagged events
Error on delta degrees
SuperB
64
Trickle injection at the B Factories
PEP-II 5 Hz continuous KEKB at 5-10 min
intervals
65
Summary of upgrade scenarios
L (nb-1s-1) ILER (A) by (mm) xy P (MW)
Present Performance Present Performance Present Performance Present Performance Present Performance Present Performance Present Performance
PEP-II 7 1.8 12 0.05 40 Head-on
KEKB 11 1.6 6 0.05 50 11 mrad
Upgrade before 2007 (without major funding issues) Upgrade before 2007 (without major funding issues) Upgrade before 2007 (without major funding issues) Upgrade before 2007 (without major funding issues) Upgrade before 2007 (without major funding issues) Upgrade before 2007 (without major funding issues) Upgrade before 2007 (without major funding issues)
PEP-II 24 4.5 6 0.05 60 Head-on
KEKB 30 1.6 6 0.14 50 Crab-crossing
Major Upgrade Major Upgrade Major Upgrade Major Upgrade Major Upgrade Major Upgrade Major Upgrade
Super PEP-II 700 23 1.5 0.10 100 High freq rf, new beam pipes magnets, crossing angle
Super KEKB 250 9.4 3 0.14 90 New beam pipe, more rf, linac, damping ring
66
Impact on DE resolution
DE Resolution
Channel Now All Silicon
22 37
6 9
13 25
First look at impact on CP violation in pp-
Error on Spp and Cpp are degraded by about 5
67
New Physics mass-scale sensitivity
Ciuchini, Franco, Martinelli, Masiero,
Silvestrini
68
Search for charged Higgs
Band widths from form-factor uncertainty

• Fully reconstruct tagging B
• Signal is large missing mass

5 ab-1
T.Iijima _at_FPCP
Mode Nsig Bbkd DB/B
280 550 7.9
620 3600 7.9
69
Sensitivity for Charged Higgs
D(form-factor) 5
D(form-factor) 15
LHC 100fb-1
T.Iijima _at_FPCP
70
T.Iijima _at_FPCP

• SUSY Seasaw
• Large LFV

• Neutral Higgs mediated decay
• Important when mSUSY gtgt EW scale