Physics at the LHC upgrade: The Super LHC

1
Physics at the LHC upgrade-The Super LHC-
Albert De Roeck CERN SLAC Scenarios
Study Program 24/04/03
2
LHC Prospects

• Date for first beams/collisions ?
  April 2007
• ? Expected luminosity (0.5 - 2.1033cm-2
  s-1)
• Initial physics run starts in August 2007
• ? collect 10 fb-1 /exp (2.1033cm-2
  s-1) by early 2008
• Depending on the evolution of the machine
• ? collect 200-300 fb-1 /exp
  (3.4-10.1033cm-2 s-1 ) in 5-6 years time
• Already time to think of upgrading
  the machine
• Two options presently
  discussed/studied
• Higher luminosity 1.1035cm-2 s-1 (SLHC)
• Needs changes in machine and and particularly in
  the detectors
• ? Start change to SLHC mode soon after 2012 (?)
  
• ?? Collect 3000 fb-1/experiment in 3-4 years
  data taking.
• Higher energy?
• LHC can reach ?s 15 TeV with present magnets
  (9T field)
• ?s of 28 TeV needs 17 T magnets to fit in
  tunnel. RD needed!

3
Detectors General Considerations
Normalised to LHC values.
104 Gy/year R25 cm
In a cone of radius 0.5 there is ET
80GeV. This will make low Et jet triggering and
reconstruction difficult.
4
Luminosity effects

• H?ZZ ? ??ee event with MH 300 GeV for
  different luminosities

1032 cm-2s-1
1033 cm-2s-1
1034 cm-2s-1
1035 cm-2s-1
5
Expected Detector Performance
The main challenge will be for the detectors
? D. Green

• Tracking and b-tagging
• isolated high pT (gt 20 GeV) tracks - it should
  be possible to maintain similar efficiency and
  momentum resolution
• without a tracker upgrade, for fixed b-tagging
  efficiency, rejection against light quarks will
  deteriorate by factor 8-3 (pT 50-200 GeV)
• Electron identification and measurement
• For electron efficiency of 80 jet rejection
  decreases by 50
• Muon identification and measurement
• If enough shielding is provided expect
  reconstruction efficiency and momentum resolution
  not to deteriorate much
• Forward jet-tagging and central veto
• Essential handle to increase S/N for WW and ZZ
  fusion processes
• Performance will be significantly degraded
  though algorithms could be optimised
• Trigger
• high thresholds for inclusive triggers use of
  exclusive triggers selecting specific final
  states, pre-scaling

6
Detectors Upgrades for SLHC

• Modest upgrade of ATLAS, CMS needed for channels
  with
• hard jets, ?, large ET miss
• Major upgrades (new trackers ..) for full
  benefit of higher L
• e? ID, b-tag, ?-tag, forward jet tagging (?)
  ? D. Green

u-jet rejection factor for ? (b)50
assuming same 2-track resolution at 1035 as at
1034
Assumptions for the study

• Detector Performance
• performance at L 1035 cm-2s-1 is comparable to
  that at 1034 cm-2s-1 !!
• Integrated Luminosity per Experiment
• 1000 (3000) fb-1 per experiment for 1 (3)
  year(s) of running at L 1035 cm-2s-1.

7
LHC Physics Program

• The origin of electroweak symmetry breaking
• Discover or exclude the Higgs in the mass
  region up to 1 TeV. Measure Higgs properties.
• Discover Supersymmetric particles (if exist) up
  to 2-3 TeV
• Discover Extra Space Dimensions, if these are on
  the TeV scale, (and black holes)?
• Search other new phenomena (e.g. strong EWSB,
  new gauge bosons, Radions, Little Higgs
  phenomena)
• Precision measurements of mtop, mW, anomalous
  couplings
• Study CP violation, rare decays etc. in the B
  sector
• Heavy ion collisions and search for quark gluon
  plasma
• QCD and diffractive (forward) physics in a new
  regime

Either at least one Higgs is found with mass
below 1 TeV, or new phenomena (strong EWSB?) set
on in the TeV region
8
LHC Physics Program

• The origin of electroweak symmetry breaking
• Discover or exclude the Higgs in the mass
  region up to 1 TeV.
• Measure Higgs properties.

• Discover Supersymmetric particles (if exist) up
  to 2-3 TeV

• Discover Extra Space Dimensions, if these are on
  the TeV scale,
• (and black holes)?

• Search for/ discover other new phenomena (e.g.
  strong EWSB,
• new gauge bosons, Radions, Little Higgs
  phenomena)

• Precision measurements of mtop, mW, anomalous
  couplings

• Study CP violation, rare decays etc. in the B
  sector
• Heavy ion collisions and search for quark gluon
  plasma
• QCD and diffractive (forward) physics in a new
  regime

Either at least one Higgs is found with mass
below 1 TeV, or new phenomena (strong EWSB?) set
on in the TeV region
9
Physics Case for the SLHC

• The use/need for for the SLHC will obviously
  depend on how EWSB
• and/or the new physics will manifest itself
• Likely this will only be answered by LHC itself
  (except if the Tevatron)
• What will the HEP landscape look
  like in 2012??

The tenth Conference of String Phenomenology
(2011)??
John Ellis
? Exciting! SUSY, fermionic extra dimensions,
black hole signatures

• Rough expectation for the SLHC versus LHC
• ? Improvement of SM/Higgs parameter determination
• Improvement of New Physics parameter
  determinations, if
• discovered
• ? Extension of the discovery reach in the high
  mass region
• ? Extension of the sensitivity of rare processes

10
Extending the Physics Potential of LHC

• Electroweak Physics
• production of multiple gauge bosons (nV .ge. 3)
• triple and quartic gauge boson couplings
• top quarks/rare decays
• Higgs physics
• rare decay modes
• Higgs couplings to fermions and bosons
• Higgs self-couplings
• Heavy Higgs bosons of the MSSM
• Supersymmetry
• Extra Dimensions
• Direct graviton production in ADD models
• Resonance production in Randall-Sundrum models
  TeV-1 scale models
• Black Hole production
• Quark substructure
• Strongly-coupled vector boson system
• WLZL g WLZL , ZLZL scalar resonance, WLW L
• New Gauge Bosons

Examples studied in some detail
Include pile up, detector
Preliminary
11
Electroweak Physics

Triple/quartic Gauge couplings Production of
multiple gauge bosons statistics limited at
LHC E.g. events with full leptonic decays,
Ptgt20 GeV/c, ?lt2.5, 90 eff for 6000 fb-1
quintuple couplings?
Triple gauge couplings W?,WZ production
Use only muon and photon final state channels,
statistical errors only ? Equal or better than LC
for ? type of couplings, worse for ?
12
Electroweak Physics
Triple gauge couplings sensitivity
14 TeV 100 fb-1
14 TeV 1000 fb-1
28 TeV 100 fb-1
28 TeV 1000 fb-1
Sensitivity into the range expected
from radiative corrections in the SM
13
Electroweak Physics
Quartic Gauge Couplings study pp ? qqVV
?jjVV (VW,Z)

• S. Belyaev et al
• Operators leading to
• genuine quartic vertices

Results for events with full leptonic decays,
Ptgt20 GeV/c, ?lt2.5, 90 eff (conservative)
14
Top Quark

• LHC ? M(top) down to 1.0 GeV (and ?MW down
  to 15 MeV)
• Limited by systematics/no significant improvement
  expected
• Statistics can still help for rare decays

Results in units of 10-5 Ideal MC
4-vector Real B-tagging/cuts as for
1034cm-2s-1 ?-tag assume only B-tag
with muons works at 1035cm-2s-1
t?q?
t?qg
t?qZ
Can reach sensitivity down to 10-6 BUT vertex
b-tag a must at 1035cm-2s-1
15
SM Higgs at the LHC

• Production mechanisms
  cross sections

16
Higgs Measurements at LHC
MSSM Higgs Dm/m ()
300 fb-1 h, A, H ? gg
0.1-0.4 H ? 4 ?
0.1-0.4 H/A ? mm
0.1-1.5 h ? bb
1-2 H ? hh ?
bb gg 1-2 A ? Zh
? bb ?? 1-2 H/A ?
tt
1-10
New
? ?M/M 0.1-1 large region ? ??/? 5-8
(MH gt 2MZ) 20 (MH lt 2MZ) ?
Ratios of couplings 10-20

• What can we expect from SLHC?
• Rare decay modes
• Improvements on the couplings
• CP properties
• Access to Higgs self coupling

Discovery over full range with 10 fb-1
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Higgs Couplings at SLHC
Couplings obtained from measured rate in a given
production channel

• LC ?tot and ? (ee- ? HX) from data
• Hadron Colliders ?tot and ? (pp ? HX)
  from theory ? without theory inputs measure
• ratios of rates in various channels (?tot and
  ? cancel) ? ?f/?f ? several theory constraints

Closed symbols LHC 600 fb-1 Open
symbols SLHC 6000 fb-1
SLHC could improve LHC precision by up to 2
Not competitive with LC precision of ? few
18
ttH Production Yukawa Coupling
Error on the cross section
Presently final states H?bb and H?WW being
analysed Result dominated by low rate Potential
for improvement of the cross section
measurement in 120-150 GeV mass region with 10x
the statistics
Note luminosity error 5
19
Rare Higgs Decays
Channels studied ? H ? Z? ? ??? ? H ? ??
BR 10-4 for these channels! Cross section few
fb
3000 fb-1
Additional coupling measurements e.g. ?? /?W
to 20
NoteAlso a challenge at a LC e.g. ?gH?? 16
for 1 ab-1 at 800 GeV
20
Higgs Spin Parity
Choi, Miller, Muhlleitner,Zerwas
H?ZZ ? 4 leptons
ZZ
900 events
Both for 300 fb-1/only statistical errors (no
detector effects included)
CP violation studies will need large statistics
ZZ
200 events
Z mass
21
Higgs Self Coupling Measurements
Once the Higgs particle is found, try to
reconstruct the Higgs potential
Djouadi et al.
Too much backgr.
?/2 lt?lt 3?/2
Not possible at the LHC
22
Higgs Self Couplings
Atlas Study Detector Simulation
LHC ? (pp ? HH) lt 40 fb mH gt 110 GeV
small BR for clean final states ? no
sensitivity SLHC HH ? W W- W W- ? ?? ?jj
???jj studied (very preliminary)
-- HH production may be observed for first time
at SLHC -- ? may be measured with stat. error
20-25
LC precision up to 20-25 but for MH lt 150 GeV
(?s ? 500-800 GeV, 1000 fb-1) or to
7-10 for MH lt 200 GeV (?s ? 3 TeV, 5000 fb-1)
23
Higgs Self Coupling
Baur, Plehn, Rainwater
24
Supersymmetry
If SUSY stabilises mH ? TeV-scale ? easy and
fast discovery at LHC
Measurements of many sparticle masses to 1-10
? first constraints of underlying theory
25
Supersymmetry
Impact of the SLHC Extending the discovery
region by roughly 0.5 TeV i.e. from 2.5 TeV ? 3
TeV This extension involved high ET
jets/leptons and missing ET ?Not compromised by
increased pile-up at SLHC
26
SUSY Measurements
m0100 GeV m1/2300 GeV tan? 2.1
sgn(?) A300 GeV
Atlas physics TDR LHC Point 5 (99)
?20 ? 2l ?10
Such precision can only be reached for low mass
sparticles (statistics!)
End points/combination of all decay measurements
27
SUSY Measurements
of particles/species detectable
Benchmark points (Battaglia et al.) Difficult
points F,H,K, (M) High masses/low event
rate High Luminosity beneficial to complete
further the spectra
28
Sparticle Mass Measurements
Proposed Post-LEP Benchmarks for Supersymmetry
(hep-ph/0106204)
Tricomi, Chiorboli
After cuts
Reconstruction of sbottom (700 GeV) and gluino
(860 GeV) for 300 fb-1 Not very
convincing/needs more luminosity
29
Example Point K
Squarks 2.0-2.4 TeV Gluino 2.5
TeV Can discover the squarks at the LHC but
cannot really study them
Pt gt700 GeV Etmissgt600 GeV Pt of the hardest jet
signal
Exclusive channel qq ??10 ?10 qq S/B 120/30
(3000 fb-1)
Inclusive Meff gt 4000 GeV S/B 500/100 (3000
fb-1)
Measurements become possible
30
MSSM Higgs h,H,A,H?
LC direct
LC indirect
In the green region only SM-like h observable
with 300 fb-1/exp Red line extension with 3000
fb-1/exp Blue line 95 excl. with 3000 fb-1/exp
Energy dependence
Heavy Higgs observable region increased by
100-200 GeV. Region mA lt 600 GeV, where ?s
800 GeV LC can demonstrate existence of heavy
Higgs indirectly (via precise measurements of h
couplings), or directly in a photon collider
largely covered.
31
Other ways to cover the wedge
Use decays of H,A into SUSY particles, where kin.
allowed
F. Moortgat

• Strongly model/MSSM parameter
• dependent M2 120 GeV,
• ? -500 GeV,
• Msleptons 2500 GeV,
• Msquark, gluino 1TeV

A/H ? ?? ? 4 leptons
Right edge is statistics limited! A hole left
around 150 GeV?
32
Other ways to cover the wedge
Use decays of H,A into SUSY particles, where kin.
allowed
M. Bisset et al., hep-ph/0304093

• MSSM parameters
• M2 210 GeV,
• 135 GeV,
• Msleptons 110 GeV,
• Msquark, gluino 1TeV

A/H ? ?? ? 4 leptons
Right edge is statistics limited! A hole left
around 150 GeV?
33
A and H from Cascades
All 30fb-1
H0,A0
h0
A0
Try to access H,A in cascade decays from gluinos
squarks where accessable Examples (see
hep-ph/0304093)
H0
H
h0
? susy signal ? susy bkg ? SM tt bkg
h0
h0
H0,A0
H0,A0
34
Determination of tan? at the LHC

• Channels for the determination of tan? at LHC
• ? H? ZZ ? 4 leptons
• ? gg ? bbH/A ? bb?? or bb??
• H/A ? bb?? or bb??
• gg ? tbH? ? tb ??

Gunion,Han, Jiang,Sopczak hep-ph/0212151
MA/H 200 GeV ?tan?/tan? for 2000 fb-1
(LC) 300 fb-1 (LHC)
LHC Largely statistics dominated! Theoretical
uncertainties!
35
Bosonic Supersymmetry??
e.g. Cheng, Matchev, Schmaltz hep-ph/0205314
What if we have a KK tower pattern from Universal
Extra Dimensions which look like very much like
supersymmetry
Search e.g 4 leptons ETmiss
Spin of sparticles?
Tools H/A absent/pattern repeats at higher
energies Extend mass reach with higher lumi
(1/R ? 2 TeV)
36
Theories with Extra Dimension
gt 900 theoretical papers over last 3 years .

• Basic idea solve hierarchy problem
  MEW/MPlanck 10-17 by
• lowering gravity scale from MPlanck 1019
  GeV to MD 1 TeV
• ? EW scale ? gravity scale
• Possible if gravity propagates in 4 n
  dimensions.

37
Extra Dimension Signals at the LHC
Graviton production! Graviton escapes
detection ADD type of EDs Signal single jet
large missing ET
38
What if Planck Scale in TeV Range?

• Schwarzschild radius

within which nothing escapes the gravit. force
Rs ? ltlt 10-35 m Rs ? 10-19 m
Since MD is low, tiny black holes of MBH TeV
can be produced if partons ij with ?sij MBH
pass at a distance smaller than RS

• Large partonic cross-section ? (ij ? BH) ?
  RS2
• ? (pp ? BH) is in the range of 1 nb 1 fb
• e.g. For MD 1 TeV and n3, produce 1
  event/second at the LHC

• Black holes decay immediately by Hawking
  radiation (democratic evaporation)
• -- large multiplicity
• -- small missing E
• -- jets/leptons 5

expected signature (quite spectacular )
39
Extra Dimensions at (S)LHC
A black hole event with MBH 8 TeV in
ATLAS Spectacular signature !
and in CMS
Black holes decay immediately (? 10-26 s) by
Hawking radiation (democratic evaporation)
large multiplicity, small missing E,
jets/leptons 5
40
Black Holes
Example Cross sections for black holes can be
very large May dominate the particle
production at the LHC But can also be
statistics limited for large MS and MBH
10 events/ 100fb-1
Landsberg,Dimopoulos
41
Other Extra Dimension Scenarios
Randall Sundrum model ? Predicts KK
graviton resonances ? k curvature of the 5-dim.
Space ? m1 mass of the first KK state
TeV scale EDs ? KK excitations of the ?,Z
T.Rizzo
SLHC
95 excl. limits
Direct LHC/600 fb-1 6 TeV
SLHC/6000 fb-1 7.7 TeV InterfSLHC/6000 fb-1 20
TeV
100?1000 fb-1 Increase in reach by 25
42
Strongly Coupled Vector Boson System
If no Higgs, expect strong VLVL scattering
(resonant or non-resonant) at

• Difficult at LHC
• At SLHC
• degradation of fwd jet tag and central jet veto
  due to huge pile-up
• BUT factor 10 in statistics ? 5-8? excess in
  WL WL scattering
• ? other low-rate channels accessible

43
New Z Gauge Bosons
with Z-like couplings
S. Godfrey
Includes pile-up, ECAL saturation
Reach LHC/600 fb-1 5.3 TeV
SLHC/6000 fb-1 6.5 TeV
LHC-28TeV/600 fb-1 8 TeV
44
Compositeness
2-jet events expect excess of high-ET
centrally produced jets.
if contact interactions ? excess at low ?
? For this study, no major detector upgrade
needed at SLHC (but b-jet tag may be
important) ? LC sensitive to ??qq, ????
(complementary) ? 100-800 TeV (?s0.8-5 TeV)
45
Indicative Physics Reach
Ellis, Gianotti, ADR Hep-ex/0112004 updates
Units are TeV (except WLWL reach) ?Ldt
correspond to 1 year of running at nominal
luminosity for 1 experiment

• PROCESS LHC SLHC
  VLHC VLHC LC
  LC
• 14 TeV 14 TeV
  28 TeV 40 TeV 200 TeV 0.8 TeV
  5 TeV
• 100 fb-1 1000
  fb-1 100 fb-1 100 fb-1 100 fb-1
  500 fb-1 1000 fb-1
• Squarks 2.5 3
  4 5 20
  0.4 2.5
• WLWL 2? 4?
  4.5? 7? 18?
  90?
• Z 5 6
  8 11 35
  8 30
• Extra-dim (?2) 9 12
  15 25 65
  5-8.5 30-55
• q 6.5 7.5
  9.5 13 75
  0.8 5
• compositeness 30 40
  40 50 100 100
  400
• TGC (??) 0.0014 0.0006
  0.0008 0.0003 0.0004
  0.00008

indirect reach (from precision measurements)
Approximate mass reach machines ?s 14 TeV,
L1034 (LHC) up to ? 6.5 TeV ?s 14
TeV, L1035 (SLHC) up to ? 8 TeV ?s
28 TeV, L1034 up to ? 10
TeV
46
Summary
The LHC luminosity upgrade to 1035
cm-2s-1 (SLHC) ? Allows to extend the LHC
discovery mass/scale range by 30 ? Should allow
the first measurement of Higgs self-coupling
(20-30) ? Allows further access to rear decays
such as H???, ?Z, rare top decays ? Improved
precision on TGCs, Higgs branching ratios, It
will be a challenge for the experiments/needs
detector RD starting now especially if one wants
to be ready to go soon after 2012 In
general SLHC looks to give a good physics return
for modest cost. ? Get the maximum
out of the (by then) existing machine
An LHC energy upgrade to ?s 28
TeV ? Will extend the LHC mass range by 1.5 ?
Will be easier to exploit experimentally (if 1034
cm-2s-1) ? Is generally more powerful than a
lumi upgrade ? Needs a new machine,
magnetmachine RD, and will not be cheap
47
Expected Event rates
Huge event rates (1035cm-2 s-1) The LHC
will be a W-factory, a Z-factory, a top factory,
a Higgs factory etc..
Precision EW physics will be limited by
systematics
48
Examples Point H
49
Higgs to muons
50
SM Higgs search
H lt 2MZ
Background 107 larger than signal Mass
resolution 10-15
decay modes
New!
H gt 2MZ
51
New channels
Results
With these new channels each experiment can
discover the Higgs with 5? with 30 fb-1
52
Invisible Higgs
53
Exclusive Higgs
A recent development search for exclusive Higgs
production pp? p H p
-jet
gap
gap
H
h
p
p
beam
-jet
Cross sections 3 fb Khoze et al.
(exclusive) 300 fb Boonekamp et al.
(inclusive)
dipole
dipole
p
p
New Under study
roman pots
roman pots
54
Trouble in Paradise?

• Radions!
• Quantum excitations of brane distance in RS
  theories

(e.g. Rizzo, Hewett, Dominici,Gunion Giudice,
Wells, Rattazzietc)
Horror! gg?H cross section disappears!!
Can change things a lot for the LHC
55
Overall Reach

• New set of benchmarks currently in use
• Account for LEP, b?sg,gm2
• and cosmology
• Example BDEGMOPW
• (Battaglia et al, hep-ph/0112013)
• Recent Snowmass points slopes
• working on updates

Gluino
Squarks
Sleptons
Charginos/neutralinos
Higgses
H. Martyn et al.
Benchmark Point
Shows particles that can be detected But expect
higher precision at LC
56
Susy Measurements
m0100 GeV m1/2300 GeV tan? 2.1
sgn(?) A300 GeV
Atlas physics TDR LHC Point 5 (99)
?20 ? 2l ?10
End points/combination of all decay measurements
57
Susy measurements
Atlas physics TDR (99)
58
Sparticle reconstruction
Problem c10 measurement! Mass to 15-25from
study of various decays
Gluino
59
Results Direct reconstruction

• _at_ POINT B
• Sbottom and gluino reconstruction possible even
  at low integrated luminosity (10 fb-1) with
• Resolution lt10
• Errors ? 5-6 if approximate M(c10) ? M(llmax)
• (this approximation is valid only in a mSUGRA
  scenario for which M(c20) ?
• 2M(c10))
• Errors on mass 1-2 if M(c10) would be known
• Sbottom (L,R) separation possible? Under study
• At 300 fb-1 and assuming M(c10) measured from a
  LC, we can have errors
• of ? 0.5, otherwhise precision will be
  limited to a few
• _at_ POINT G
• Sbottom and gluino reconstruction possible only
  at high luminosity
• At 300 fb-1 we can reconstruct sbottoms and
  gluino with resolution
• ??7, errors 1-2, assuming M(c1) known from a
  LC

60
Bosonic Supersymmetry??
e.g. Cheng, Matchev, Schmaltz hep-ph/0205314
This is a what if? scenario! What if we have a
KK tower pattern from EDs which look like
supersymmetry Can the LHC tell distinguish?
Search e.g 4 leptons ETmiss
Tools spin of the sparticles/ No heavy
higgses/mass splitting small/ pattern repeates at
higher energies
61
Transplanckian effects
Once you pass the Planck scale ?s gtgt MD
Processes with small momentum transfer e.g.
Elastic transplanckian collisions Study
gravity propagation in EDs Signal dijets with
large Mjj
Guidice, Rattazzi, Wells
of the two jets
62
LHC New Physics Reach Summary
63
Conclusions

• Complementarity of the LC to the LHC generally
  well appreciated in LHC community
• Case for concurrent running of LC and LHC needs
  to be made
• Obviously LC will help better understanding of
  new phenomena
• seen at the LHC
• E.g universal extra dimensions LHC only data may
  suggest this to be supersymmetry (consequence
  10,000 waisted papers on hep-ph in the following
  10 years)
• LSP if not known precisely enough, will limit
  e.g. gluino mass
• precision at the LHC
• Understanding better the cascades branching
  ratios in susy
• Disentangling MD and n in extra dimensions
• etc
• See next talk ?

64
Neutralinos
Mass of the neutralino-1 vs neutralino-2
65
Mass and width resolution
5-8
0.1-1
MSSM Higgs Dm/m ()
300 fb-1 h, A, H ? gg
0.1-0.4 H ? 4 ?
0.1-0.4 H/A ? mm
0.1-1.5 h ? bb
1-2 H ? hh ?
bb gg 1-2 A ? Zh
? bb ?? 1-2 H/A ?
tt
1-10
Analysis of indirect widths for mass range below
200 GeV 10-20 precision
66
Higgs Physics Couplings
Couplings can be obtained from rate measured in a
given production channel
Closed symbols LHC 600 fb-1 Open
symbols SLHC 6000 fb-1

• SLHC could improve LHC precision by up to 2
  before first LC becomes operational

67
Ratios of couplings
10-20
68
Higgs Self Coupling

• Self-coupling
• From HH production
• Cross sections are low
• Relevant for MHlt200 GeV/c2

Baur,Plehn, Rainwater hep-ph/0206024 With 3000
fb-1 (SLHC) could reach 30 accuracy on ? Needs
to be checked with full Monte Carlo study!!!
69
Expected detector effects

LHC SLHC ?s
14 TeV 14
TeV L
1034 1035
Bunch spacing ?t 25 ns
12.5 ns ?pp (inelastic)
80 mb 80 mb N.
interactions/x-ing 20 100
(NL ?pp ?t) dNch/d?
per x-ing 150 750
ltETgt charg. particles 450 MeV
450 MeV