THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES

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THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES

• Chapter 5

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Figure 5.1 Building models to study the
structure and function of macromolecules
Protein Model 2000s
Protein Model 1950s
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I. Polymer Principles

• A. Polymer
• long molecule consisting of similar monomers
  linked by covalent bonds

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Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of
polymers

• B. Dehydration Synthesis
• Joins monomers
• When the Hydroxyl group connects with a Hydrogen
• One water is removed
• Creates covalent bonds

dehydration synthesis
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• C. Hydrolysis
• Separates monomers
• Water is added
• Enzymes speed up this process in digestion to
  break down large molecules

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II. 4 Groups of Macromolecules

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Lipids
• C. Proteins
• D. Nucleic acids

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A. Carbohydrates

• Main source of energy
• 1. Monosaccharides
• Single sugar
• 1 carbonyl, many hydroxyl

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Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of
some monosaccharides
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A. Carbohydrates

• 2. disaccharides
• Two sugars joined by a glycosidic linkage
  (dehydration synthesis)
• Example Maltose and Sucrose (table sugar)

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Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
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A. Carbohydrates

• 3. Polysaccharides
• Hundreds-Thousands of monomers
• A. Plants
• Starch
• Cellulose
• B. Animals
• glycogen
• chitin

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vrkGD_JOvFjE
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• Chitin exoskeleton

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Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
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a and B structures 
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Starch and cellulose structures 
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Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion cow
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Cellulose digestion termite and Trichonympha
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C. Lipids

• Fats
• store large amounts of energy
• Phospholipids
• used in the cell membrane
• Steroids
• cholesterol and hormones

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Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a
fat, or triacylglycerol
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Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and
unsaturated fats and fatty acids 
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The structure of a phospholipid
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Phospholipid
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Steroids
cholesterol
Cholesterol
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C. Proteins

• Composed of amino acid monomers
• Extreme importance!
• Function is based on shape

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a. Types of Proteins

• Structural Proteins
• Support

Electron microscope image of a spider's silk
spigots
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Storage Proteins

• Storage of amino acids

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Transport proteins

• Transport of other substances

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Hormonal Proteins

• Control the bodies activities

epinephrine
Growth hormone
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Receptor proteins

• Respond to chemical stimuli

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Contractile proteins

• Movement

http//Actin Myosin Animation
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Defensive protiens

• Fight bacteria and viruses

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Enzymatic proteins

• Speed the rate of chemical reactions

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b. Protein Structure - 20 Different amino acids
combine to form proteins
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Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins
nonpolar
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• Amino acids are joined through peptide bonds to
  make a polypeptide

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The primary structure

• Amino acid Sequence
• Peptide bonds

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A single amino acid substitution in a protein
causes sickle-cell disease
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Secondary Structure

• Polypeptide bends and forms hydrogen bonds
• a and B sheets
• R groups are not involved

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Tertiary Structure

• Overall shape
• R groups are involved in bonding

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Tertiary Structure

• Disulfide bonds and ionic bonds between R groups
  reinforce the structure

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Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins
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Figure 5.24 Review the four levels of protein
structure
http//www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/
proteins/protein20structure.swf
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Chaperonins help build proteins
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Proteins are denatured in high temperatures
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D. Nucleic Acids

• Store and transmit genetic information
• DNA
• Information for new DNA and RNA
• RNA
• Makes proteins

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• Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides
• Nucleotides
• Pentose Sugar
• (ribose or deoxyribose
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen base

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Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids
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Figure 5.28 DNA? RNA ? protein a diagrammatic
overview of information flow in a cell
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Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis
Crick Rosalind Franklin
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X-ray crystallography

• Used to recreate the structure of proteins and
  nucleic acids.

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Table 5.2 Polypeptide Sequence as Evidence for
Evolutionary Relationships
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DONATES H IONS
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BASIC!!
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The Functional Group SongTo the tune of Doe a
Deer

• O and H
• alco hol make

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• S and H a sulf hy dryl

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• Phosphate is
• O P O 3

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• Carbonyls come in two kinds
• Ke tones inside of the chain
• Aldehyde found on the end
• Both a C O double bond
• That will bring us back to O

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• O and H
• When added to
• Double bonded C and O
• Car box y lic acid make
• With acidic properties

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• The Amines are N H 2
• With their basic properties
• ami no acids when they join
• That will bring us back to O