Cells

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Cells
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Units Goals

• Analyze the nature of the relationships between
  structures and functions in living cells.
• Explain the role of cell organelles for both
  prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• Including the cell membrane, in maintaining
  homeostasis and cell reproduction.
• Explain the impact of water on life processes.
• Osmosis and diffusion

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What is a cell?
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• All living things are made of small structures
  called cells.

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• HISTORY
• OF THE
• CELL

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Robert Hooke
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1665
English scientist

• One of the first people to see cells.
• Looked at Cork Cells.
• First to use the word cells- named them for the
  places that monks sleep in the
  monastery.

cork
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1839
Theodor Schwann
Concluded that all animals are made up of cells
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1839
Matthias Schleiden
Concluded that all Plants are made up of cells
Clip
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Cell Theory
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• All living things are made up of cells
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function in living things
• All cells come from pre-existing cells
• Clip

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What is a cell made of?
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• Cells are 90 water.

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Cell Composition
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• Of the dry weight
• 50 protein
• 15 carbohydrate
• 15 nucleic acid
• 10 lipid
• 10 miscellaneous

• Approximate composition by element
• 60 H
• 25 O
• 12 C
• 5 N

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What are the two basic types of cells?
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Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic Cells
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• DO HAVE
• Cell membrane
• Ribosomes
• DNA

• DO NOT HAVE
• Organelles
• Nucleus

• Are all singled celled
  organisms--ex Bacteria
• Thought of as more ancient life formsthey came
  first.
• They still carry out all of lifes functions!

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Eukaryotic Cells
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• Have organelles.
• Believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells
  (Theory of Endosymbiosis).
• Can be singled-celled or multi-cellular
  organisms.
• ex plants, animals, fungi, protista

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How big are cells?
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Major Theme

• Function dictates form
• Humans have 200 cell types
• All cells do not look alike
• Ex Nerve cells long and spindly
• Cells that store fat are rounded large
• Structural cells are square

Animation
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Size differences Pro .1-10 µm Eu 10-100 µm

• Cells come in many different shapes sizes.

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How are cells organized?
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The Cell Membrane (aka plasma membrane)
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Basic Cell Structure

• The outside of all cells are surrounded by a
  membrane made of phospholipids.
• Nickname The gatekeeper

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Membranes are fluid
about as fluid as salad oil
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• Membrane molecules are held in place by
  relatively weak hydrophobic interactions.
• Most can drift laterally, but rarely flip-flop
  from one layer to the other.

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Plant and Fungi cells also have a cell wall
outside of the cell membrane.
Plant cell wall are made of Cellulose. Fungi cell
walls are made of Chitin.
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• Cell walls can also be found in fungi and
  bacteria.
• The cell wall provides support and protection for
  these cells.
• In plants, the cell wall is made of the
  carbohydrate cellulose.

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Inside of the cellThe Cytoplasm
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• The cytoplasm contains all of the organelles in
  eukaryotic cells.

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• Cells are filled with organelles that each do
  something to keep the cell alive.
• The jelly-like insides of a cell is called
  cytoplasm.

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Organelles in the Cytoplasm
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• Each organelle has a specific function so that
  the cell can do its job.
• Each organelle has its own job!
• Remember ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE
  ORGANELLES!!!!

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What an organelle?
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• Organelle means tiny organ.
• Organelles function together to help the cell
  carry out all of lifes activities!!

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Organelles of the Cell
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Nucleus-The Control Center
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• The Brain
• Contains the DNA
• DNA controls which proteins get made-and when!
• Where ribosomes are made

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• The nucleus has a phospholipid bilayer around it.
• The nuclear pores allow substances to move into
  and out of the nucleus.
• The DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus.

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Ribosomes
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• Not technically an organelles.
• Nickname protein maker
• Place where proteins are made.
• They help put the amino acids together to make
  proteins.
• Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA
• website

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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• Membrane system thats function involves protein
  synthesis and transport.
• Can be thought of as a Highway and a place of
  protein synthesis.

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Two types of ER
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• Smooth
• No attached ribosomes
• Rough
• Attached ribosomes

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ER branches off from the nuclear membrane.
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Golgi Apparatus
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p. 175

• Nickname UPS
• Packages molecules and sends them to their
  destination.
• Also checks to make sure the molecules are put
  together correctly, if not correct it sends them
  back to the ER.
• Website

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Animation
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Golgi w/vesicles
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Vesicles are packages of material that are being
transported.