Classification:

1
Classification

• Organizing the Unity Diversity of Life

2
Why organize?

• Since Darwin
• Known species increased to 1.8 million
• Millions more to be discovered
• Tropics deep sea

3
Systematics

• Science of naming grouping organisms
• To understand diversity
• To organize by evolutionary relationships
• Taxonomy
• Naming grouping by criteria such as appearance

4
Naming Grouping

• Naming Genus species
• Common names
• confusing
• not universal
• Ex.
• Cougar, puma, panther,
• mountain lion Felis concolor

Felis concolor
http//www.exoticcatz.com/photoalbum/albums/userpi
cs/10001/normal_cougar0.jpg
5
International confusion
In UK, buzzard hawk
http//animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/
In US, buzzard vulture
http//farm3.static.flickr.com/2062/1895127243_b89
56555d3.jpg
6
Binomial nomenclature (2-part scientific name)

• Developed by
• Linnaeus Swedish botanist
• You should know
• In Latin
• In italics
• 2 parts
• Genus
• Group of closely related species
• species
• Description of habitat or important trait

7
Ursus maritimus Ursus contains 5 other species of
bears. maritimus means sea
http//www.quantum-conservation.org/EEP/POLAR20BE
AR.jpg
Ursus arctos
8
Can you guess what Acer rubrum looks like?
Acer maple rubrum red
http//www.raveplants.com/images/wettolerant/acer_
rubrum.jpg
9
Taxa ranking level

• Originally, Linnaeus had 4 levels
• Now 7 taxa
• Kingdom King
• Phylum Phillip
• Class Came
• Order Over
• Family For
• Genus Good
• species spaghetti

10
Kingdoms then now

• Then
• 2 kingdoms
• Plants
• Animals

• Now
• More kingdoms added as knowledge increases
• 6 kingdoms
• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

11
Domains

• Larger category than kingdoms
• 3 domains recognized
• domain Bacteria Eubacteria
• domain Archaea Archaebacteria
• domain Eukarya Fungi, Plantae, Animalia,
  Protista

12
Modern Evolutionary Classification

• Darwins tree of life
• Descent with modification
• Phylogeny grouping by evolutionary descent
• Share more recent
• common ancestor
• Clade includes all
• species from
• common ancestor

http//mikeely.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/darwins
_first_tree_of_life.jpg
13
Cladogram

• Shows how evolutionary lines branched off from
  common ancestors
• Branch point (node)
• Speciation
• Root
• Common ancestor

14
DNA in classification

• Shared genes determine evolutionary relationships
• Ex.
• All Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria
• Mitochondria have their own genes
• Genes mutate over time
• Shared genes show how recently organisms shared
  common ancestor

15
DNA cont.

• DNA makes evolutionary trees more accurate
• Ex. African vulture-related more closely to
  American vulture or stork?
• Molecular analysis suggests American vultures
  storks share a more recent common ancestor than
  American African vultures