Title Page Photo

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Title Page Photo
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Hydrologic Cycle

• Water essential to life
• Animation
• (The Hydrologic Cycle)

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The Hydrologic Cycle

• Introduction
• Series of storage areas of water in the
  hydrosphere
• Water moves between storage areas

• Fig. 9-1

If the global water supply were 100 liters, only
3 liters would be freshwater, and of that only
half a teaspoon would be available to humans.
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• Surface-to-Air Movement

• Air-to-Surface Movement

• Fig. 9-2

Hydrologic cyclea series of storage areas
interconnected by various transfer processes, in
which there is a ceaseless interchange of
moisture in terms of its geographical location
and its physical state.
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• Morning fog (visible evidence of hydrologic cycle)

Most evaporation and precipitation is over ocean
water. Fresh water storage on land
include Surface water Ground water Glacial ice

• Fig. 9-3

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The Oceans

• Four Oceans

• Fig. 9-4

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Pacific Ocean 46 Atlantic Ocean 23 Indian
Ocean 20 Arctic Ocean 4
Water on Earth
South China Sea Caribbean Sea Mediterranean
Sea Bering Sea Gulf of Mexico Sea of Okhotsk East
China Sea Sea of Japan Hudson Bay North
Sea Yellow Sea Black Sea Red Sea Baltic Sea
Major Seas on Earth
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Characteristics of Ocean Water

• Chemical composition
• 3.5 mineral content
• Salinity Salt (NaCl) measurement of dissolved
  salts
• 35 parts per thousand
• Runoff and precipitation
• Other minerals magnesium, sulfur, calcium,
  potassium
• Temperature
• Decreases with increasing latitude and depth
• Currents move water masses of different
  temperature and density
• Density
• Variable with temperature, salinity, and depth
• lower temperature, deeper water, more saline
  water more dense
• Photic Zone 100 meters/350 feet
• Surface layer
• Light energy

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Movement of Ocean Waters

• Tides the bulges and sinks of global ocean water
• Causes of Tides
• Gravity of Sun
• 150 million km/93 million mi from Earth
• Less influence
• Gravity of Moon
• 385 thousand km/239 thousand mi from Earth
• More influence

Animation (Tides)

• Fig. 9-6

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More on Tides

• Tidal cycles
• Flood tide high tide
• Ebb tide low tide
• (Every 24 hours Diurnal/Semidiurnal variations)
• Tidal range vertical difference between high and
  low tides
• Spring tide highest variation in tidal range
• Neap tide lowest variation in tidal range
• Tidal bore moving wall of seawater
• topography
• bathymetry

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• Global Tidal Variations
• Fig. 9-7. Areas with tidal ranges exceeding 4
  meters (13 feet).

• Fig. 9-8. Worlds maximum tides in Bay of Fundy.

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• Tidal bore

• Fig. 9-9.

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Currents

• Surface Currents (review ch.4)
• Deep Ocean Circulation (Global Oceanic Conveyor
  Belt)
• Climate regulator

• Fig. 9-10.

Animation (Currents)
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Waves

• Coastal Processes (ch.20)
• Most conspicuous movement

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Permanent IceCryosphere

• Two ice realms
• Ice on land (covers 10 of land surface)
• Alpine glaciers
• Ice sheets
• Ice caps
• Oceanic (sea) ice
• Ice pack mass of floating ice
• Ice shelf portion of continental
• ice protruding over water
• Ice floe large piece of floating ice
• Iceberg small piece of floating ice

• Fig. 9-12

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Glacial Ice 10 of Earths surface
(and thawing)
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• Fig. 9-14. An ice shelf and pack ice fringes
  Antarctica

• Fig. 9-13. Largest area of pack ice
• is in the Arctic Ocean

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• Permafrost
• Permanently frozen water in subsoil
• Climate tundra

• Fig. 9-15

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Surface Waters

• Lakes body of water surrounded by land
• Worlds Largest Lakes (mostly fresh water)

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• Human Alteration of Natural Lakes

• Fig. 9-C. Aral Sea is shrinking due to dam
  construction and diversion of water for
  irrigation of agricultural land.

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• Aral Sea

• Fig. 9-18

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• Artificial Lakes
• Reservoirs

• Fig. 9-19. Lake Mead and Hoover Dam.

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• Swamps and Marshes
• Vegetated water bodies

• Fig. 9-20

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• Rivers and Streams

• Table 9-4. The Worlds Longest Rivers.

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• Table 9-5. The Worlds Largest Rivers.

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Global Drainage Basins

• Fig. 9-21. The Worlds Drainage Basins.

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Underground Water

• Animations
• The Water Table
• Groundwater Cone of Depression

• Fig. 9-23

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Sub-Surface Water and Soils some definitions

• Introduction
• Aquifers water stored in soil
• Properties and Flow
• Porosity of volume containing voids
• Permeability the ability to transmit water
• Flow rates water movement
• Hydrologic zones
• Zone of Aeration mixture of solids, water, air
• Zone of Saturation fully saturated with water
• Zone of Confined Water impermeable aquifer
  (aquiclude)
• Waterless Zone no sub-surface moisture

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Sub-Surface Water and Soils - image

• Zones of Aeration and Saturation

• Fig. 9-22. Hydrologic Zones

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• Zone of Confined Water

• Figure 9-24. Zone of Confined Water

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• Zone of Confined Water

• Figure 9-25. Artesian Well in Australias Great
  Artesian Basin.

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• Waterless Zone
• Deep underground
• No pore spaces, no water
• Groundwater Mining
• Recharge rate versus replenishment rate
• Over use total loss
• In 1 yr, people remove what took 150 yrs to
  accumulate
• Resource not sustainable

• Figure 9-26. The Ogallala or High Plains Aquifer.

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Water Pollution
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Why conserve water?
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Conservation

• Aesthetic value
• Fresh water
• Recreation
• Our future

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Homework

• Read Ch. 9
• Take action to conserve water this week
  (something extra that you dont normally do) .
• Make a lifestyle change for one week () and
  write a short summary about what you did
  differently and how it affected you.
• Some ideas
• Recycle water from your sink using a catch-all
  basin.
• Turn the faucet off while doing dishes or washing
  your hands.
• Take bathes instead of showers.
• When washing clothes, do only large loads as
  necessary with short cycles.
• Recycle all vehicle fluids and household
  chemicals so they dont pollute groundwater.
• Wash your car only when absolutely necessary.
• Add more permeable materials and less pavement to
  your property.
• Install low-flow toilets.
• Plant drought-resistant vegetation in your
  yard/patio.
• Turn sprinklers off during rain storms, reduce
  automatic running time, and sweep instead of
  hosing off pavement.
• Teach children the importance of conserving
  watershow by example.
• Remember these tips can save you money too!
• Due next week (or) before the midterm