Atmosphere

1
Chapter 14

• Atmosphere

2
14.1

• Earths Atmosphere

3
Composition of the atmosphere

• Name the gases in Earths atmosphere and the
  compositions of each (3 total)

4
Answer

• Nitrogen 78
• Oxygen 21
• Trace gases 1

5
Composition of the Atmosphere

• Describe the solids and liquids that can be found
  in the atmosphere and how do they get there (3
  things)

6
Answer

• Dust wind storms
• Salt from ocean spray
• Ice hailstones and snow

7
Structure of the Atmosphere

• Describe the structure of the lower atmosphere

8
Answer

• Troposhere
• Lowest layer
• Contains 75 of the gases
• Most weather occurs here
• Contains the atmosphere that surrounds us
• Stratosphere
• Above the troposphere and contains the ozone layer

9
Structure of the Atmosphere

• Describe the structure of the upper atmosphere
  layers

10
Answer

• Mesosphere
• Above the stratosphere
• Thermosphere
• Above the mesosphere
• Contains the ionosphere
• Can interfere with radio waves
• Exosphere
• Above the thermosphere
• No clear boundary between it and space

11
Atmospheric Pressure

• Describe what causes air pressure

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• The weight of the gases in the atmosphere presses
  down on the air below
• Molecules are compressed and air density is
  increased
• More dense air more pressure
• Less dense air less pressure

13
Temperatures in the Atmosphere

• How do differences in temperature affect air
  pressure? (2 ways)

14
Answer

• Heated air
• Is less dense
• Exerts less pressure
• Colder air
• Is more dense exerts more pressure

15
Temperatures in the Atmosphere

• How does temperature change throughout the
  atmosphere?

16
Answer

• Troposphere - Decreases with altitude
• Stratosphere - Increases with altitude due to the
  ozone absorbing UV rays
• Mesosphere - Decreases with altitude
• Thermosphere - Increase with altitude

17
Understanding our Atmosphere

• How does the sun help transfer energy throughout
  Earth? (3 parts)

18
Answer

• The sun heats up the atmosphere
• Creates uneven heating
• Activates a system of winds
• Moves energy from one area of Earth to another

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14.2

• The Ozone Layer

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Is the Ozone layer in danger?

• Describe the ozone layer, its function, and
  location.

21
Answer

• A concentrated layer of ozone (O3)
• Blocks harmful energy from the sun
• Located in the stratosphere

22
Is the ozone layer in danger?

• What are the affects of ultraviolet light on
  plants and animals?

23
Answer

• Causes cancer in plants and animals

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Is the ozone layer in danger?

• Describe where in the world is the ozone layer
  thinning and is depleted.

25
Answer

• Thinning all over the world
• Depletes more during certain seasons at the poles

26
Theory about ozone depletion

• Describe the structure of Chlorofluorocarbons
  (CFCs). (3 parts)

27
Answer

• Structure of CFCs
• Central carbon atom
• Three chlorine atom and one fluorine atom
  surrounded the carbon atom

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Theory about ozone disappearance

• Describe how CFCs destroy ozone molecules. (6
  steps)

29
Answer

• Process of CFCs destroying the ozone
• UV light breaks up CFC molecule
• Released chlorine atom breaks up an ozone
  molecule
• Chlorine atom joins with an oxygen atom leaving
  behind an oxygen molecule
• A free oxygen atom breaks the chlorine-oxygen
  bond

30
Answer Continued

• Oxygen atoms rejoin to form a normal oxygen
  molecule (O2)
• Chlorine atom is released to break up another
  ozone (O3) molecule

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14.3

• Energy from the Sun

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Energy transfer in the Atmosphere

• Describe three processes that happen to energy
  Earth received from the sun.

33
Answer

• Radiation
• Energy is transferred through electromagnetic
  waves
• Objects are not in direct contact with the source
• Some are reflected back to space

34
Answer Continued

• Conduction
• Objects are heated by direct contact with the
  source
• Energy is transferred from warm fast moving
  molecules to cooler slower moving molecules
• Occurs until equilibrium is reached

35
Answer Continued

• Convection
• Heat is transferred by the flow of heated
  materials
• Warmer molecules move apart volume increases and
  density decreases
• Cooler air operates in an opposite manner as warm
  air

36
Energy transfer in the Atmosphere

• Describe how convection currents operate

37
Answer

• Air is warmed or cooled through convection
  processes
• Warm air expands and rises, while cold air
  contracts and sinks

38
Energy transfer in the Atmosphere

• Describe how the suns energy is reflected or
  absorbed. (2 each)

39
Answer

• Reflected
• Surface reflects 5
• Clouds and atmosphere reflect 25
• Absorbed
• Clouds and atmosphere absorb 20
• Earths surface absorbs 50

40
Our Unique Atmosphere

• Describe the hydrosphere and the distribution of
  water on Earth

41
Answer

• Hydrosphere all of the water on Earth
• Salt water 97
• Fresh water 3
• 66 is frozen

42
Our Unique Atmosphere

• What are the steps in the water cycle?

43
Answer

• Evaporation - Radiation from the sun causes water
  to evaporate and rise into the atmosphere
• Condensation - Water vapor cools as it rises into
  the atmosphere where it changes to a liquid and
  clouds form
• Precipitation - Water droplets within the cloud
  become so large they fall to Earths surface

44
14.4

• Movement of Air

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Wind Formation

• How is air pressure related to wind?

46
Answer

• Uneven heating
• Causes temperature differences
• Creates pressure differences
• Air moves from high pressure to low pressure

47
Wind Formation

• Describe wind.

48
Answer

• The movement of air from an area of high pressure
  to an area of low pressure

49
Wind Formation

• What causes the differences in temperature at the
  Earth surface?

50
Answer

• Air above the equator receives the most direct
  sunlight
• Heated more and pushed upward by denser, cold air
• Air at the poles receive less direct sunlight
  making the air cooler and more dense
• It sinks and moves across the surface

51
The Coriolis Effect

• How does the Coriolis Effect affect wind and
  water patterns in the northern and southern
  hemisphere?

52
Answer

• In the northern hemisphere
• Water and air is deflected to the right
• South moving wind is turned westward
• Movement is due to the spinning of the Earth
• In the southern hemisphere
• The opposite of the northern hemisphere occurs

53
Wind Systems

• Name and describe the surface wind patterns.
  (location and direction of movement). (3 types)

54
Answer

• Trade winds
• Located between 30 N and S
• In N, they move to the SW
• In S, they move to the NW
• Prevailing westerlies
• Located between 30 and 60 N and S
• In N, they move to the NE
• In S, they move to the SE

55
Answer Continued

• Polar easterlies
• Located between 60 and 90 N and S
• In N, they move to the SW
• In S, they move to the NW

56
Wind Systems

• What is the jet stream?

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Answer

• Strong narrow belts of air moving from the west
  to the east

58
Daily and Seasonal Winds

• Describe sea breezes and land breezes

59
Answer

• Sea breezes
• Occur when cool air forces warm air over the land
  to rise
• Air moves onto land
• Land breezes
• Occur when cold air over land forces up the
  warmer air above the sea
• Air moves from land to sea

60
Daily and Seasonal Winds

• Describe the flow of mountain-valley winds.

61
Answer

• Flow up the mountains during the day
• Flow down the mountains during the night

62
Daily and Seasonal Winds

• How do monsoon winds affect seasonal weather?

63
Answer

• Wet monsoon winds blow over hot dry land bringing
  rain
• Dry winds blow out to sea making the weather hot
  and dry