Discovering Psychology

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Discovering Psychology

• 12 Motivation Emotion

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Facial Feedback/ James-Lange

• Demonstration/Experiment

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Module 16

• Emotion

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Explaining Emotions 2 Types of Theories

• Peripheral Theories
• Physiological changes in the body give rise to
  your emotional feelings
• James-Lange Theory
• Facial Feedback Theory
• Cognitive Theories
• Your interpretations/appraisals of situations
  give rise to your emotional feelings
• Schachter-Singer Experiment

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James-Lange Theory

• Our brains interpret specific physiological
  changes as feelings or emotions
• A different physiological pattern underlies each
  emotion

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4 Steps

• Physiological Changes
• Site of an approaching shark triggers
  physiological changes
• increasing heart rate blood pressure
• secretion of various hormones
• Interpretation of Changes
• Brain analyzes pattern of physiological change
  interprets each pattern as a different emotion
• Emotional Feeling
• Different physiological changes produce different
  emotions
• You may or may not show an observable response
• Scream

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3 Criticisms of James-Lange Theory

• Different emotions are not necessarily associated
  with different physiological response patterns
• Anger, fear sadness share similar physiological
  patterns
• People whose spinal cords have been severed at
  the neck still experience emotions
• Some complex emotions (e.g., guilt, jealousy) may
  require a considerable interpretation/appraisal
  of the situation

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Facial Feedback Theory

• Sensations/feedback from movement of facial
  muscles skin are interpreted by the brain as
  different emotions
• 4 Steps
• Stimulus triggers changes in facial muscles
  skin
• Brain interprets feedback from facial muscles
  skin
• Different facial feedback results in different
  emotions
• You may or may not show an observable response

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Criticisms of Facial Feedback Theory

• Emotions can also be felt without any facial
  feedback
• People whose facial muscles are completely
  paralyzed still experience emotions
• Mood Intensity
• Feedback from facial muscles may intensify your
  emotional feeling

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Psych Sim

• Expressing Emotions

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Universal Emotions

• Interactivity

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Schachter-Singer Experiment

• Physiological Arousal
• Injected subjects with epinephrine that caused
  physiological arousal
• Subjects were placed into 1 of 2 conditions
• Happy Situation
• Confederate was laughing throwing paper
  airplanes
• Angry Situation
• Confederate complained about filling out a long
  questionnaire
• Results
• Participants in happy situation often reported
  feeling happy
• Observable behaviors smiles
• Participants in angry situation often reported
  feeling angry
• Observable behaviors angry facial expressions

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Schachters Two-Factors

• The Two Factor Theory of Emotion views emotion
  as having two components (factors) physiological
  arousal and cognition. According to the theory,
  cognitions are used to interpret the meaning of
  physiological reactions to outside events.

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Which Comes First Feeling or Thinking?

• Cognitive-Appraisal Theory
• You think before you feel
• Example wining the lottery
• Affective-Primacy Theory
• In some situations, you feel an emotion before
  having time to interpret/appraise the situation
• Example seeing a snake

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Universal Emotional Expressions

• Refer to a number of specific inherited facial
  patterns or expressions that signal specific
  feelings
• Example A smile signals a happy state
• Cross-Cultural Evidence
• Genetic Evidence

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Cross-Cultural Evidence

• Recognition of facial expressions in different
  cultures suggests that there are innate universal
  facial expressions
• Examples happiness, fear, surprise

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Genetic Evidence

• Infants in all cultures develop facial
  expressions at about the same age
• At 4-6 weeks, babies smile
• At 3-4 months, babies show angry sad facial
  expressions
• At 5-7 months, babies show fear

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Functions of Emotions

• Send social signals
• Facial expressions communicate your personal
  feelings
• Help you adapt survive
• Psychoevolutionary theory of emotions
• We inherit the neural structure physiology to
  express experience emotions
• Emotional patterns evolved to help us adapt to
  our environment promote survival
• Arouse motivate behaviors
• Yerkes-Dodson law
• Task performance is an interaction between
  physiological arousal and task difficulty
• For most tasks, moderate arousal helps performance

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Can Money Buy Happiness?

• Adaptation Level Theory
• When we experience a good fortune, we quickly
  become accustomed to it
• The initial impact fades contributes less to
  long-term level happiness
• Therefore, money cant buy happiness because we
  adapt to the continuous satisfaction of having a
  lot of money

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Influences on Long-Term Happiness

• Genetic Factors
• About half your level of happiness comes from
  genetic influences
• Identical twins reared together or apart showed
  sig. higher happiness correlations (.44 to .52)
  than fraternal twins reared together or apart
  (-.02 to .08)
• Personal/Environmental factors
• Long-term level of happiness is associated with
• enjoying simple daily pleasures
• setting achieving personal goals (purpose in
  life, network of friends)

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Psych Sim

• Helplessly Hoping Optimism

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Showing Emotions Why Dont Men Cry?

• Display Rules
• Specific cultural norms that regulate how, when
  where we should express emotion and how much
  emotion is appropriate
• Example
• Japanese Chinese have more difficulty
  identifying facial expressions of fear and anger
  compared to North Americans

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What is Emotional Intelligence?

• Ability to perceive and express emotion,
  understand and reason with emotion and regulate
  emotions in ones self and others
• Researchers are in the early stages of trying to
  define measure emotional intelligence

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Lie Detection

• Polygraph tests are based on the theory that if a
  person tells a lie he/she will feel some emotion
  that can be measured
• Polygraph
• Lie detector that measures
• chest abdominal muscle movement during
  respiration
• heart rate
• blood pressure
• galvanic skin response (GSR)
• GSR
• Changes in sweating of the fingers or palms that
  accompany emotional experiences

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Lie Detection
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Control Question Technique

• Lie detection technique in which the examiner
  asks 2 kinds of questions
• Neutral Questions
• general questions that elicit little emotional
  response
• Is your name Floyd?
• Critical Questions
• specific questions about some particular crime
  that only the criminal would know
• Did you rob the liquor store on 5th and Vine?
• Examiner compares differences in physiological
  responses between neutral critical questions

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How Accurate are Lie Detector Tests?

• Researchers have been unable to identify a
  physiological response pattern that is specific
  to lying
• It is estimated that lie detector tests are wrong
  25-75 of the time
• Most state federal courts prohibit the use of
  polygraph evidence
• Federal law prohibits most employers from using
  polygraph tests to screen employees

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Emotional Intelligence Test

• Intrapersonal Activity

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Positive Psychology

• APA Unit Plan