Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition

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Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition

• The Story of Psychology

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The story of Psychology

• Task 1
• Note taking
• All notes must be taken in one of the following
  formats Cornell notes format, 2 column, or
  outline
• All notes must be kept in binder.

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Psychologys Roots

• Prescientific Psychology
• Is the mind connected to the body or distinct?
  Ancient Greeks speculated about the source of
  human knowledge, the nature of the mind and soul,
  the relationship of mind to body, and the
  possibility of scientifically studying these
  things.
• Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate
  filled by experience?

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Empiricism

• knowledge comes from experience via the senses
• science flourishes through observation and
  experiment

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Wilhelm Wundt

• Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology
  laboratory at the University of Leipzig (c.
  1879).
• Wundt believed Psychology should study
  consciousness and focused on structuralism, the
  structure of the human mind.

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Structuralism

• Structuralism used introspection (looking in) to
  explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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Functionalism

• Functionalism focused on how behavioral processes
  function- how they enable organism to adapt,
  survive, and flourish
• William James suggested considering the function
  of thoughts and feelings rather than the
  structure. For example, smelling is what the
  nose does and smelling developed because it is
  adaptive.

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Early Psychologists

• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Discovered the
  unconscious mind and developed Psychodynamic
  theory, a theory of development and a theory of
  personality.
• John B. Watson Felt the study of consciousness
  or the unconscious mind was a waste of time and
  that psychology should only study overt behavior.
  B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning and
  the functional analysis of behavior.

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Psychologys Roots

• British Psychological Society membership

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Psychology is currently defined as

• A. the study of individual experience.
• B. the scientific study of behavior and mental
  processes.
• C. the study of mental life.
• D. the scientific study of observable behavior.

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Contemporary Psychology

• Psychology
• the science of behavior (what we do) and mental
  processes (sensations, perceptions, dreams,
  thoughts, beliefs, and feelings)

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Nature vs. Nurture

• Nature-Nurture Controversy
• the longstanding controversy over the relative
  contributions that genes and experience make to
  development of psychological traits and behaviors

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Human Diversity and Psychology

• Women hold 44 Psychological doctorate degrees,
  and earn 67 of new doctorates each year.
• Sociocultural variables such as social identity,
  ethnicity, gender, social class and culture are
  considered important in the study of psychology
  and the treatment of individuals.
• Individualist vs. Collectivist Cultures
• Gilbert Haven Jones African American who
  received his Ph.D. in psych. In Germany 1909
• J. Henry Alston Engaged in research on
  perception of heat and cold and was the first
  African American psychologist to be published in
  a major psych journal (1920).
• Mary Whiton Calkins Refused a degree from
  Radcliffe (Harvards University for women) when
  she graduated Harvard with a doctoral degree in
  the late 1800s. First female President of the
  APA in 1905.
• Margaret Washburn Left Columbia University
  because of discrimination and became the first
  woman to earn a doctorate in Psycholgy from
  Cornell.

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Psychological Perspectives
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John B. Watson is most likely to say

• A. A person needs unconditional love and
  acceptance in order to reach her true potential.
• B. A persons behavior reflects unconscious
  conflicts and emotions that result from early
  childhood experiences.
• C. Emotional responses reflect biological
  processes such as hormones and brain chemistry.
• D. Science must be rooted in observation of
  behavior, rather than introspective processes.

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Subfields of psychology

• There are three categories of jobs in Psychology
• Applied Use principles of psychology to improve
  schools, organizations and industry.
• Therapeutic Meet with clients to help improve
  psychological functioning
• Research/Experimental Conduct research on any
  topic in psychology.
• Pure research for its own sake
• Applied research intended to address a specific
  problem

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Applied subfields of Psychology

• Community work to obtain services for
  underserved client groups and prevent
  psychological problems by working for changes in
  social systems.
• Industrial-Organizational Help improve the
  performance of people in business and
  organizations.
• Sports Help improve the performance of people
  in sports.
• Educational Develop programs to improve
  learning for entire schools or school systems.
• Engineering (Human factors) Make technical
  systems more user-friendly
• Health Use behavioral principles to improve
  health
• Forensic Work with the criminal justice system
• Consumer Study the behavior of shoppers

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Therapeutic Subfields of Psychology

• Clinical Ph.D. Treat people with
  psychological disorders
• Counseling MA or Ph.D. Treat people with
  adjustment problems and relationship issues.
• Psychiatric MD Can prescribe medication.
  Treat people with psychological disorders
• School Work with individual children to improve
  learning.

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Experimental Subfields of Psychology

• Research can be conducted on any topic in
  psychology. Examples include
• Cognitive thinking and mental processes
• Biological physiological, neuroscientists
• Personality
• Developmental
• Quantitative Develop statistical methods for
  analyzing psychological data
• Social Study the behavior of people in social
  situations

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Dr. Frye conducts research investigations on
memory, with the intent of contributing to what
is known about human memory processes. Dr. Frye
conducts

• A. professional service.
• B. applied research.
• C. basic research.
• D. psychiatry.

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Tips for Studying Psychology

• SQ3R
• survey - Take a look at the module before you
  begin to study it.  Notice how it is organized.
• question -Form a question that you will answer by
  studying the module or section of the book.
• read -Search for the answer to your question. 
  Don't read more than you can absorb in a single
  sitting.
• rehearse - in your own words, what you have
  read. 
• review -re-read your notes and review the module
  or section.

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How To Succeed in Mrs. Rayfields Class

• ATTEND CLASS EVERY DAY!
• Learn to think critically Think while you learn
  by analyzing and questioning what you are being
  asked to believe.
• In class, listen actively - Do the
  reading  -BEFORE you come to class.  PRINT OUT
  THE NOTES AND USE THEM AS A GUIDE WHILE YOU
  READ.  Rely on the notes during lecture so you
  can actively participate in class.
• Overlearn Most people over-estimate their
  learning.
• Distribute your time (Don't wait until the night
  before a test to begin studying)
• Be a smart test-taker Dont use too much time
  on one question. RELAX remember that a single
  test is unlikely to make or break your grade.