Particles

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Particles

• Why, where, which one?

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Why???

• They hold the parts of the sentence together like
  the connecting points between the carriages of a
  train.

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Where??

• They follow the part that they are connected to

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Which one??

• Well, lets look at them one by one

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Topic marker

• Japanese often first state what or whom they are
  talking about
• then they make the statement or ask the
  question about that person or thing.

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• What does Akiko eat?
• Or ...What are you eating, Akiko?
• It often marks the subject, but it does not have
  to be.
• I dont often eat rice.
• Or As for rice, I dont often eat it.

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For contrast

• can be used to emphasise contrast.
• Each thing you are contrasting can be marked by
• I drink tea, but I dont drink coffee.

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• You can even leave the second part of the
  sentence out.
• I drink tea .
• (but there are other things that I dont drink)
• Now it just a simple statement that you drink tea.

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Object marker

• marks the object of the sentence.
• It follows the word that answers questions like
• What do you eat?
• dinner
• What does he do?
• tennis

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Subject marker for the 1st time

• Marks the subject when it introduced for
  the first time.
• Tomorrow Mr Yamada will arrive. (we do not know
  about him yet)
• Now we know about him so the particle changes to
  in the next sentence.

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• Mr Yamada is a Japanese teacher

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New information vs old information

• In English we use a or an when information is
  new.
• There is a cat on the bed. (we did not know about
  this cat!)

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When the information is old we use the.

• (we now know about the cat)
• The cat is cute

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Set expressions with

• Can do
• can see
• can hear
• want something
• want to do something
• understand/know
• need

• Necessary
• like
• dislike
• dont like
• good at
• bad at
• describing characteristics or illness

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Some examples of set expressions

• or

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But

• This particle can also be used to join 2
  sentences together.
• It was fun, but very cold.

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Also, (n)either

• It is important to put this particle directly
  after the word it relates to.
• I like Hockey too (as well as someone else)
• I like Hockey too (as well as other sports)
• However some another particles come first we say
  I also go to school
• The only particles dropped are

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The many uses of

• to (a place)
• at (a specific time)
• in (a month/year)
• on (a day/date)
• for
• to (purpose)
• to (someone)

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More uses of

• From (someone)
• the location of something or someone.
• where something is put (often used with verbs
  like sitting, writing)

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To a place...

• Its only use is to go to a place.
• Pronounce e

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Different uses of

• at/in (a place where an activity takes place)
• by (the means by which you do something)
• because of (reason)
• within (length of time)

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To be continued with the following..

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