The Human Skeleton

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The Human Skeleton

• G.C.S.E Physical Education

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The Functions of the Skeleton
The skeleton is a rigid supporting framework of
bonesinside the body, to which all the soft
tissues andorgans are attached.
Together, the bones and muscles form a
machinewhich can perform many different tasks.
The skeleton can

• grow in size.
• repair its own broken parts.
• lubricate its own joints.
• support internal organs.

The 4 main functions of the Skeleton are

• Protection
• Support
• Movement
• Blood Cell Production

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Protection
The hard nature of bone means that the
skeletoncan protect the more delicate parts of
the body.

• Examples
• The cranium (skull) protects the soft tissue of
  the brain.

• The rib cage protects the delicate heart and
  lungs.

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Support
Without the skeleton, the body would beflabby
and shapeless.

• Examples
• The bones of the legs support the body.
• The vertebrae support the head.

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Movement
The skeleton is jointed to allow us to move
whenthe muscles attached to them contract.

• Example
• The bones and joints work with muscles to enable
  us to walk, jog and sprint.

• The vertebrae allow us to bend, stretch and
  rotate our body.

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Blood Cell Production
Red and white blood cells are made in red bone
marrow which is found at the ends of the femur
and humerus and in the ribs, sternum, pelvis and
vertebrae.
FemurLocated in the upper part of the leg.
HumerusLocated in the upperpart of the arm.
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The Vertebral Column

• Movement
• The joints in the spine allow bending and
  twisting.
• Support
• The spine is long and strong to support other
  body parts, e.g. the head.
• Protection
• The spine is hard and protects the nerves
  running through the middle, i.e. the spinal cord.

It is made up of 33 vertebrae, which are divided
into 5 regions, each having its own function.
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Functions of the Skeleton - Summary
1. Protection The cranium protects the soft
tissue of the brain.
5. Support The vertebrae support the head.
6. Protection The rib cage protects the delicate
heart and lungs.
2. Movement The vertebrae allow us to bend,
stretch and rotate our body.
7. Movement The bones and joints work with
muscles to enable us to walk, run and sprint.
3. Blood Production Red blood cells are made in
the ribs and limb bones.
4. Support The bones of the legs support the
body.
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Location The Head Anatomical name Cranium Type
of bone Flat Function Neck muscles attach to
the cranium allowing rotation and vertical
movements of the head increasing the field of
vision. Movements of the head are also important
in maintaining balance which is important in all
sporting activities.
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Location Shoulder Anatomical name Scapula
(shoulder blade) Type of bone Flat
Function The scapula (shoulder blade)
provides large surfaces for the attachment of
muscles of the back, neck, shoulder and humerus,
and is involvement of all these parts of the
upper body.
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Location Upper Arm Anatomical name Humerus Type
of bone Long Function The deltoid (shoulder)
and the pectoral (chest) muscles move the humerus
at the ball and socket joint of the
shoulder, movements which are important in many
sporting activities, such as overhead lifting,
press-ups, racket and stick strokes, and bowling
etc.
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Location Lower Arm Anatomical names Radius
Ulna Type of bone Long Function The ulna and
radius are involved in flexion and extension of
the arm and wrist, which are important in
virtually every movement of the arm. Flexion and
extension of the wrist is particularly important
in fine skill movements involving hand-eye
coordination, such as bat, racket and stick
strokes.
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Location Hands -fingers Anatomical
name Phalanges Type of bone Long
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Location Upper Chest Anatomical name Clavicle
(collar bone) Type of bone Flat Function The
clavicle supports the shoulder joint, preventing
it from collapsing forward, and the shoulder
blade from moving outwards. The stability of the
shoulder joint is important in all arm movements.
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Location Front Upper Chest Anatomical
name Sternum (breast bone) Type of
bone Flat Function The sternum and ribs are
involved in the breathing movements (along with
the diaphragm).
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Location Chest Anatomical name Ribs 12
pairs Type of bone Flat
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Location Back Anatomical name Vertebral
Column Type of bone Irregular The Vertebral
Column consists of 7 vertebrae in the CERVICAL
region (neck). 12 vertebrae in the THORACIC
(chest) region. 5 vertebrae in the LUMBAR (lower
back) region. 5 vertebrae in the SACRUM (fused
bone) region. 4 vertebrae in the COCCYX (fused
bone) region. TOTAL 33 BONES
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The Parts of the Vertebral Column
The cervical region of the neck allows support,
rotation and nodding of the head, and more
flexibility than other regions of the vertebral
column The thoracic vertebrae provide a rigid
support for the ribs of the chest cavity, and
help protect the lungs and heart The lumbar
vertebrae are larger and stronger than those of
other regions, and support and provide attachment
for the powerful muscles of the lower back. The
vertebrae of the sacrum are fused together and to
the pelvic girdle providing strong support for
the body and transmission of forces between the
body and the legs. The vertebrae of the coccyx
are reduced and provide attachment of small
muscles.
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Location Hip Anatomical name Pelvic
Girdle Type of bone Flat
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Location Upper Leg Anatomical name Femur (thigh
bone) Type of bone Long Function The femur is
important in all leg movements, it is involved in
flexion and extension of the ball and socket
joint at the hip, and of the hinge joint at the
knee. It transmits the forces of impact with the
environment to the body up through the pelvic
girdle.
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Location Knee Anatomical name Patella (knee
cap) Type of bone Irregular Function The
patella forms part of the structure of the
complex knee joint, stabilising it and smoothing
the movement of the quadriceps tendons over the
knee joint.
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Location Lower Leg Anatomical names Tibia
Fibula (larger bone) (smaller bone) Type
of bone Long Function These support and
provide attachment for muscles involved in the
flexion and extension of the knee, and rotation
of the ankle joint. They transmit forces of
impact with the environment from the foot to the
body up through the femur via the pelvic girdle.
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Location Foot - toes Anatomical
name Phalanges Type of bone Long
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Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
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The Skeletal System
There are 206 bones in the human body - the
larger bones are
Cranium
Humerus
Radius
Scapula (hidden)
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Ribs
Clavicle
Ulna
Carpals
Sternum
Pelvis
Vertebrae
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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• Which one is NOT a function of the skeleton?
•   Blood production
•   Support
•   Movement
•   Rest and recuperation
•   Protection

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• Except for the Sacral and Coccygeal (coccyx)
  regions, give the name of TWO other regions of
  the vertebral column
• Thorax
• Scrotum
• Thoracic
• Cervical

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• Choose TWO main functions of the vertebral
  column.
• Communication
• Support
• Movement
• Strengthening the muscles

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• What is unusual about the sacral region of the
  vertebral column?
•   The bones are twisted
•   The bones are brittle
•   The bones are fused
•   The bones are softer than the other areas

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Bones of the Skeleton

• There 4 basic types of bones. These bones come
  in different shapes and sizes because they have
  different jobs to do.
• Long bones.
• Short bones.
• Flat bones.
• Irregular bones.

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The four types of bone in your skeleton.

• Flat bones- the scapula, the patella, the
  sternum, the pelvis and the ribs
• irregular bones- the vertebrae
• short bones- carpals and tarsals
• long bones- the bones of the arms and the legs,
  the long bones in the hands and feet.

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Types of Bones
There are 4 main types of bones in the human
body.
Each type has a different size and shape because
they have different jobs to do
Long Tubular Bones These are long and affect
our overall height, e.g. the legs arms (femur
humerus).
Short Bones These are smaller and are often
found with many others, e.g. the feet hands
(phalanges).
Flat Bones These are flat and are often found
forming a protective surface, e.g. the skull
(cranium) and pelvis.
Irregular Bones These are irregular in shape
and have a specific function, e.g. the bones of
the spine (vertebral column).
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• Parts of the skeleton
• There are two parts to the skeleton the axial
  skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
• The axial skeleton
• This consists of the skull, the rib cage and the
  vertebral column. The skull is made of eight flat
  bones that fuse together over time.
• The appendicular skeleton
• This is made up from the pelvic girdle and the
  shoulder girdle. Both these girdles are quite
  rigid but they are attached to legs and arms that
  are free to move.

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Label the Axial and Appendicular sections of the
skeleton

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• Which one is NOT a type of bone?
•   Long
•   Irregular
•   Regular
•   Flat

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• Except for the femur, choose the names of TWO
  bones in the leg which are classified as long
  bones
• Humerous
• Tibia
• Ribs
• Fibula

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• Which THREE major types of bones, other than
  long bones are found in the human skeleton?
• Upside-down
• erogenous
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular

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What are Bones made of?

• Bones start to grow inside the womb, where they
  begin as cartilage.

• As you get older this turns into hard bone by a
  process called ossification.

Cartilage

• Bones will only grow properly as long as certain
  minerals and vitamins are eaten

Periosteum

• Vitamin D helps build bone.
• Calcium is a mineral which helps keep bones
  strong.

Bone Marrow

• Even as a fully-grown adult, the bone structure
  is always changing, as vitamins and minerals are
  constantly replaced.

Compact Bone

• A poor diet will result in soft bones, whilst a
  balanced diet and exercise will make the bones
  harder.

Spongy Bone
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• Bone
• Development Composition
• Ossification
• Before birth, the skeleton is made up of
  cartilage, which is
• much softer and more flexible than bone. After
  birth, the
• cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue in
  a process
• known as ossification. While the bones still
  contain cartilage
• they can continue to grow in length. Once the
  cartilage has
• been replaced by bone tissue, the bones cannot
  grow in length any more. They can only continue
  to grow in thickness, eg. the bones in a tennis
  players racket arm get thicker, not longer!
• Composition
• Bone tissue is based on a protein (collagen)
  which is Hardened with calcium and phosphate. It
  is hard, and tough (ie it resists fractures). In
  the young the bones are quite pliable, but with
  age they become increasingly brittle. They are
  well supplied with blood vessels, as the red bone
  marrow is where blood cells are produced.

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Bone Structure
A photomicrograph of a section of bone
showing the strong concentric pattern laid
down by the bone cells and the surrounding calcium
phosphate.
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• What name is given to the area found at the end
  of long bones where growth takes place?
• Answer

Epiphysis
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• What purpose does calcium serve in the growth
  and development of bone?
•   Softens
•   Hardens

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• What name is given to the tough, supporting
  fibrous membrane that surrounds a bone?
• Answer

Periosteum