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Human Anatomy

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Title: Human Anatomy


1
Human Anatomy
2
Levels of Organization
  • All organisms are made of cells.
  • Most cells are organized into functional units
    called tissues.
  •  
  • The four basic tissues of the human body are
    epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous
    tissues.

3
Levels of Organization
  • Organs are groups of tissues that perform
    specialized jobs. Examples of organs are eyes
    and stomach
  • A group of organs that work together to carry out
    a major life function is called an organ system.

4
Levels of Organization
  • CELLS ----gt TISSUE ----gt ORGAN ----gt
    ORGAN SYSTEM

5
Skeletal System
  • The skeletal system provides the
  • following
  • 1. support
  • 2. place for muscle attachment
  • 3. protection for vital organs
  • 4. manufactures blood cells
  • 5. stores calcium and phosphorus

6
Skeletal System
  • The skeletal system consists of the following
  • axial skeleton skull and bones of the back and
    chest
  • appendicular skeleton bones associated with the
    limbs.
  •  

Help, Im falling apart
7
Skeletal System
  • The place where two bones meet is called a joint.
  • There are five types of joints
  • immovable skull
  • ball and socket shoulder
  • hinge elbow
  • gliding wrist
  • pivot neck

8
Ball and Socket Joint
9
Hinge Joint
10
Saddle Joint
11
Pivot Joint
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13
Muscular System
  • Muscles are used for movement
  • Muscles are either voluntary or involuntary
  • Involuntary muscles not under conscious control
  • Voluntary muscles are under conscious control

14
Muscular System
  • There are three types of muscles
  • Smooth found in the walls of hollow organs like
    the stomach. (Involuntary)
  • Skeletal found in the muscles that are attached
    to the bones. (Voluntary)
  • Cardiac found only in the heart (Involuntary)

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16
Respiratory System
  • REVIEW
  • Formula for Cellular Respiration
  • C6H12O6 6O2 -? 6CO2 6H2O energy (ATP)
  • Reactants Products
  • ( in mitochondria)

17
Respiratory System
  • The function of the respiratory system is to
    exchange gases between blood and the air.
  • Oxygen is inhaled and passed into the blood from
    small air sacs found in the lungs. These sacs
    are called alveoli.

18
Respiratory System
  • Carbon dioxide is passed to the lungs by the
    blood. The CO2 is then diffused out of the blood
    into the alveoli.
  •  
  • Carbon dioxide is then forced out of the lungs
    when you exhale.

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Respiratory System
  • The major organs of the respiratory system
    are
  • nasal cavity aids in warming and filtering out
    the air that is inhaled.
  • pharynx area at the back of the mouth
  • larynx upper part of the wind pipe

21
Respiratory System
  • trachea windpipe it is lined with cilia that
    prevent foreign particles from reaching the
    lungs.
  • bronchi branches of the trachea, leading into
    the lungs that are covered in cilia to prevent
    foreign particles from reaching the lungs
  • lungs organs composed of alveoli, and the place
    where gas exchange with the blood occurs.

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Circulatory System
  • The circulatory system has the following
    functions
  •   1. pump blood through the blood vessels
  • 2. carry oxygen from the lungs and nutrients
    to all the body cells.
  • 3. carry hormones to their target tissues
  • 4. take carbon dioxide back to the lungs
  • 5. take other wastes to the excretory system

24
Circulatory System
  • The organs of the circulatory system are
  • heart organ made of cardiac muscle, that pumps
    blood throughout the body.
  • blood vessels structures used to carry blood
    throughout the body (veins, arteries, and
    capillaries)

25
Circulatory System
  • arteries elastic vessel that transports
    oxygenated blood away from the heart.
  • (the pulmonary artery takes unoxygenated blood
    to the lungs.)
  • veins large vessels that return unoxygenated
    blood from the tissues back to the heart.
  • (the pulmonary vein take oxygenated blood from
    the lungs to the heart)
  • capillaries smallest blood vessels with walls
    only one cell thick. Site where nutrients,
    oxygen,and carbon dioxide diffuse between blood
    and tissues.

26
Pathway of Circulation Through Blood Vessels
27
Label the Diagram
28
In from Body
LUNGS
Out To lungs
In from Lungs
Out to Body
Blue deoxygenated Red oxygenated
Trace the Flow of Blood
BODY
29
Flow of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
Superior/ Inf. Vena Cava
Rt. Atrium
Rt. Ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta
Body
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32
Blood typing
  • Determining blood type is necessary before a
    person can receive a blood transfusion because
    the red blood cells of incompatible blood types
    could clump together, causing death.
  • Your immune system recognizes the red blood cells
    as belonging to you. If cells with a different
    surface molecule enter your body, your immune
    system will attack them.

33
Blood typing
34
Phenotype A (review)
  • The lA allele is dominant to i, so inheriting
    either the lA i alleles or the lA lA alleles from
    both parents will give you type A blood

35
Phenotype B (review)
  • The lB allele is also dominant to I, so to have
    type B blood, you must inherit the lB allele
    from one parent and either another lB allele or
    the i allele from the other.

36
Phenotype AB (review)
  • The lA and lB alleles are codominant. This means
    that if you inherit the lA allele from one parent
    and the lB allele from the other, your red blood
    cells will produce both surface molecules and you
    will have type AB blood.

37
Phenotype O (review)
  • The i allele is recessive and produces no surface
    molecules. Therefore, if you are homozygous ii,
    your blood cells have no surface molecules and
    you have blood type O.

38
Multiple alleles determining human blood types
Human Blood Types
Genotypes
Surface Molecules
Phenotypes
A
A
lA lA or lAli
B
B
lB lB or lBi
lA lB
A and B
AB
None
ii
O
39
  • Blood groups

of U.S. population
40
Serum
Universal recipient
Universal donor
41
Blood Type Antigens on RBC Antibodies in Plasma May Donate To May Receive From
A A Anti B A,AB A, O
B B Anti A B, AB B,O
AB A, B None AB All (A, B, O)
O None A, B All (A,B,AB) O
42
Digestive System
  • The function of the digestive system are
  • 1. receiving nutrients (food)
  • 2. breaking food down
  • 3. absorbing food and nutrients
  • 4. eliminating materials that are not absorbed
    or digested.

43
Digestive System
  • The digestive system includes the following
    organs
  • mouth organ that receives and begins the
    breakdown of food
  • tongue organ that helps in breaking down
    food

44
Digestive System
  • teeth organ that helps in breaking down food
  • salivary gland gland that secretes saliva, an
    enzyme that breaks down food
  • pharynx the back of the mouth
  • esophagus muscular tube that moves food from
    the mouth to the stomach by smooth muscle
    contractions

45
Upper Digestive System
46
Digestive System
  • stomach muscular digestive organ that secretes
    acids and enzymes
  • liver gland that produces many chemicals needed
    for digestion that are delivered to the small
    intestine
  • gallbladder bile-storing organ aids digestion

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Digestive System
  • pancreas gland that produces digestive enzymes.
  • small intestine narrow, muscular tube where
    digestion is completed connects stomach to
    large intestine.
  • large intestine muscular tube into which
    indigestible material is passed to the rectum for
    elimination.

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51
Endocrine System
  • This system controls all of the metabolic
    activities of the body.
  • This system includes all of the glands that
    secrete hormones in the body.
  • Made of many glands that release chemical
    products (hormones) into the bloodstream which
    target cells elsewhere
  • Hormones chemical messages that affect target
    cells

Roller coaster thrills are due to hormones.
52
Endocrine System
  • hormones chemical secreted by a gland that
    affects another part of an organism hormones
    play a key role in regulating metabolism of
    digestion, growth, and reproduction.
  • examples of hormones estrogen, testosterone,
    growth hormone
  • gland fluid secreting cell or group of cells
    produce fluids such as hormones
  • examples of glands pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,
    ovaries, pancreas, testes

53
Types of Body Glands
  • Exocrine release secretions through ducts
    directly to organs (ex sweat, tears, digestive
    juices)
  • Endocrine release chemicals directly into the
    blood stream

Sweat gland and ducts
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55
Pituitary Gland
  • Secretes 9 hormones that directly regulate body
    functions and controls other endocrine glands
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Oxytocin
  • Prolactin
  • TSH
  • FSH and LH (reproductive hormones)

56
Thyroid Gland
  • Regulates body metabolism
  • Too much thyroxine hyperthyroidism (high
    metabolism, jittery, weight loss)
  • Too little thyroxine hypothyroidism (lower
    metabolism and body temperature, weight gain)
  • Lack of iodine goiter

Thyroid Hormone x12,000 by Dee Breeger
57
Parathyroid Hormone
  • Glands surrounding thyroid
  • Helps to regulate calcium levels in blood

58
Adrenal Glands
                                                                                     The adrenal gland makes several hormones. The inner zone (medulla) makes adrenaline. The outer zone (cortex) supplies cortisol as well as other hormones controlling salt balance (aldosterone) and sexual development
  • Release hormones that help people prepare and
    deal with stress
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Commonly called adrenaline

59
Pancreas
  • Regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Diabetes inability to regulate blood glucose,
    unable to produce or respond properly to insulin

60
Reproductive Glands
  • Gonads produces gametes and produces
    reproductive hormones
  • Testosterone
  • Estradiol (estrogen)

Testosterone
Estradiol
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Excretory System (Urinary System)
  • The functions of the excretory system are
  • 1. eliminate waste products of amino acid
    breakdown from the blood
  • 2. maintain water balance
  • 3. maintain salt balance in the blood
  • 4. store and transport urine out of the body

63
Excretory System (Urinary System)
  • The major organs of the urinary system
  •  kidney removes nitrogenous wastes from the
    blood controls the sodium level and pH of the
    blood.
  • ureters tubes that transport urine from each
    kidney to the urinary bladder
  • bladder bag made of smooth muscle that stores
    urine, (solution of wastes)
  • urethra tube through which urine is eliminated
    from the body

64


  • Nephron

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66
Reproductive System
  • The function of the reproductive systems is to
    produce gametes (n) through the process of
    meiosis.
  •  

67
Reproductive System
  • The male reproductive system consists of the
    following organs
  • scrotum sac that contains the testes maintains
    sperm at a lower temperature than body
    temperature.
  • testes place where sperm production takes place

68
Sperm cell diagram
69
Reproductive System
  • epididymis coiled tube within the scrotum in
    which the sperm complete their maturation.
  • vas deferens a duct that transports sperm from
    the epididymis toward the ejaculatory ducts and
    the urethra.
  • seminal vesicles glands
  • that secrete a mucous-like
  • fluid rich in sugar, that
  • provides energy for the
  • sperm cells. 
  •  

70
Reproductive System
  • bulbourethral gland gland that secretes a fluid
    that helps the sperm survive in the acidic
    vagina.
  • prostate gland gland that secretes a fluid
    that helps sperm move and survive.
  • urethra tube that sperm travel through when
    ejaculated.
  • penis organ that surrounds the urethra and
    transfers sperm cells into the female
    reproductive tract.

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Reproductive System
  • The female reproductive system contains the
    following organs
  • ovary female reproductive organ that produces
    eggs.
  • oviduct (fallopian tube) tube that transports
    eggs from ovary to uterus
  • uterus muscular organ in which young are
    developed and protected animals having litters
    usually have uterine horns

73
Female Reproductive System
  • Primary function produce ova and prepare the
    body to nourish a developing embryo
  • Typically only one mature ova is produced per
    menstrual cycle.

Color modified SEM of egg
74
Menstrual cycle
  • Human females undergo monthly cycles where the
    uterine lining is prepared in the event of
    fertilization.
  • The lining is shed or released if fertilization
    does not take place.
  • There is little blood, mostly water and proteins,
    that line the uterine walls.

75
Charting the Menstrual Cycle
  • LH, FSH, Estrogen, Progesterone control the
    development of the egg and the building of the
    uterine lining.

76
vagina the passage way that leads from the
uterus to the outside of the body
77
Stages of Human Development
  • One sperm cell must fertilize the egg within the
    Fallopian tubes (oviduct) within a few hours of
    ovulation.
  • The fertilized egg undergoes mitosis, where it
    then travels to the uterus for implantation.

SEM of sperm fertilizing egg
78
Sperm Cells on Ovum Surface
79
Stages of Human Development

SEM of fertilized egg (2n) zygote
80
Stages of HumanDevelopment
2 cells
  • Blastocyst hollow ball that implants in uterus
    lining

4 cells
8 cells
81
Fertilized egg development
82
Stages of Human Development
  • Gastrula in folding of ball, producing 3 germ
    layers

83
Stages of Human Development
  • Neurulation process of nervous system
    development
  • Some mesoderm tissue ? notocord
  • Parts of the notocord (neural groove) ? neural
    tube to hold spinal cord and nervous system

84
Stages of Human Development
  • Embryo up to eight weeks
  • Placenta tissue
  • attached to uterus where exchanges with mother
    takes place
  • Umbilical cored
  • attaches embryo to
  • placenta
  • Fetus after eight weeks, human characteristics
    develop

85
Fetus Position within the Womb
86
40 and 45 day human fetus
87
Stages of Human Development
5 weeks
88
Stages of Human Development
2 months
89
Stages of Human Development
12 weeks
18 weeks
90
Stages of Human Development
20 weeks
24 weeks
91
Stages of Human Development
7 months
8 months
92
Delivery and Birth
93
Afterbirth (placenta umbilical cord)
94
Nervous System
  • The function of the nervous system is to act as
    the bodys control center and coordinate the
    bodys activities.
  • The organs of the nervous system are brain
    the control center of the central nervous system

95
Nervous System
  • spinal cord a bundle of nerve cells that
    transmit neural impulses from the brain to the
    body and from the body to the brain.
  • neuron the basic unit of the nervous system
    cells that conduct impulses throughout the
    nervous system.

96
Neuron specialized nerve cell
97
Brain
  • Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, hypothalamus,
    thalamus

98
Cerebrum voluntary actions
  • Separated from left and right hemispheres with
    the corpus callosum
  • Each hemisphere deals with the opposite side of
    the body.

4 major cerebrum lobes
99
Cerebellum body coordination
  • Located at the back of the brain
  • Helps to maintain balance and graceful movements

100
Teen Girl Squad by the Brothers Chap
101
Brain stem involuntary actions
  • Made up of the pons and medulla oblongata
  • Controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure,
    swallowing, etc.
  • Conducts brain signals to the rest of the body

102
Thalamus and hypothalamus
  • Thalamus receives messages from body and
    transmits signals to the appropriate brain parts
  • Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland (hormone
    production) and senses hunger, thirst, fatigue,
    anger, body temperature

103
Peripheral nervous system
  • Somatic regulates activities under conscious
    control (ex lift arm) and reflex arcs (rapid
    responses)

104
Peripheral nervous system
  • Autonomic controls involuntary actions (ex
    increased heart rate or blood flow
  • The gastric antrum to the left is under autonomic
    control.

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Lymphatic System (Immune System)
  • The lymphatic system is involved in fighting
    disease and tissue repair.
  •  
  • Organs of the lymphatic system are as follows
  •   lymph water and dissolved substances that
    diffuse from the bloodstream

107
Lymphatic System (Immune System)
  • lymph nodes small mass of tissue that filters
    lymph
  • lymphocyte type of white blood cell that
    defends the body against foreign substances

108
Lymphatic System (Immune System)
  • Innate Immune System
  • 1. Skin the first line of defense
  • 2. Secretions that destroy microbes mucus,
    sweat, tears, and saliva
  • 3. Phagocytosis of microbes
  • 4. Inflammation of body tissues redness,
    swelling, pain and heat

109
Lymphatic System (Immune System)
  • 5. Complement protein molecules attach to
    pathogens and help the body destroy the pathogen
    by damaging their plasma membranes and
    attracting an increased number of phagocytes.

110
Lymphatic System (Immune System)
  • Adaptive Immune System
  • Immunity - Defense against a specific pathogen by
    building up a resistance to it is called
    immunity.
  • antigen foreign substances that stimulate the
    production of antibodies in the blood.
  • antibody protein in the blood produced in
    reaction to antigens

111
Lymphatic System (Immune System)
112
The Integumentary System
  • Skin
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hair
  • Nails

113
The Skin
  • Largest body organ
  • Barrier against infection (first line of defense)
    and injury
  • Regulates body temperature with sweating
  • Removes waste products from body metabolism
    (salts)
  • Provides UV protection
  • Manufactures vitamin D

114
The Epidermis
  • Outer layer made of dead cells
  • Inner layer made of living cells
  • undergoes mitosis quickly to push older cells to
    the surface
  • makes keratin protein which strengthens outer
    cells

115
Melanocytes
  • Cells in the epidermis that produce melanin, a
    dark brown pigment
  • Helps protect skin against UV damage

116
The Dermis
  • Layer of skin beneath the epidermis
  • Lots of collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve
    endings, sensory receptors, smooth muscles, and
    hair follicles

117
Sweat glands in the dermis layer
Sweat glands secrete water, salts, calcium, and
other metabolic waste.
118
Sebaceous glands in the dermis
  • Produce oily secretions (sebum) that keeps the
    keratin-rich epidermis supple and waterproof

Acne When sebaceous glands become infected or
blocked, a whitehead or blackhead forms.
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120
Skin Cancer
  • When skin cells are overexposed to UV rays, they
    can overgrow (excessive mitosis) and become
    cancerous.
  • Precautions sunglasses, sunscreen, hat, long
    sleeves, avoiding tanning (natural or artificial)

121
Human Hair
  • Grows from hair follicles, tube like pocket of
    epidermal cells that extend into the dermis
  • Hair grows from the base.
  • Sebum helps maintain hair condition.

Human hair SEM from Rice University
122
Hair functions
  • Head hair protects the body from UV exposure and
    for warm
  • Nostril hairs, ear hairs, and eyebrows/eyelashes
    prevents dirt and particles from entering the
    body
  • Body hairs helps with sensory perception

By the University of Wales Bioimaging Lab
123
Seriously long ear hair
The Worlds Longest Ear Hair 10.2 cm B D Tyagi
of Bhopal (India) http//news.bbc.co.uk/.../
newsid_1805000/1805342.stm
124
Nails
  • Nails grow from the nail root, near the tips of
    fingers and toes.
  • Average growth rate 3 mm/month
  • Evolutionary function protection

125
Nails
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