Social%20and%20Personality%20Development%20in%20the%20Preschool%20Years

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Chapter 10
Child Development, 3/e by Robert Feldman

• Social and Personality Development in the
  Preschool Years

Created by Barbara H. Bratsch
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• How do preschool-age children develop a concept
  of themselves?
• How do children develop their sense of racial
  identity and gender?
• In what sorts of social relationships do
  preschool-age children engage?
• What sorts of disciplinary styles do parents
  employ, and what effects do they have?
• How do children develop a moral sense?
• How does aggression develop in preschool-age
  children?

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Erik Erikson

• Psychosocial development - according to Erikson,
  development that encompasses changes both in the
  understandings individuals have of themselves as
  members of society and in their comprehension of
  the meaning of others behavior
• Initiative vs guilt stage the period during
  which children aged 3 to 6 years experience
  conflict between independence of action and the
  sometimes negative results of that action

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Self-Concept in the Preschool Years

• Self-Concept a persons identity or set of
  beliefs about what one is like as an individual
• Collectivistic Orientation a philosophy that
  promotes the notion of interdependence
• Individualistic Orientation a philosophy that
  emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness
  of the individual

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Gender Identity

• Gender Identity the perception of oneself as
  male or female
• Identification the process in which children
  attempt to be similar to their parent of the same
  sex, incorporating the parents attitudes and
  values.
• Gender Schema a cognitive framework that
  organizes information relevant to gender
• Gender Constancy the fact that people are
  permanently males or females, depending on fixed,
  unchangeable biological factors
• Androgynous encompassing characteristics
  thought typical of both sexes

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Preschoolers Social Lives

• Functional play play that involves simple,
  repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds
• Constructive play- play in which children
  manipulate objects to produce or build something
• Parallel play action in which children play
  with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do
  not interact with one another
• Onlooker play action in which children simply
  watch others at play but do not actually
  participate themselves
• Associative play play in which two or more
  children interact by sharing or borrowing toys or
  materials, although they do not do the same thing
• Cooperative play play in which children
  genuinely interact with one another, taking
  turns, playing games, or devising contests

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Preschoolers Social Lives
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Parental Discipline Styles

• Authoritarian parents who are controlling,
  punitive, rigid and cold and whose word is law
  they value strict, unquestioning obedience from
  their children and do not tolerate expressions of
  disagreement
• Permissive parents who provide lax and
  inconsistent feedback and require little of their
  children
• Authoritative parents parents who are firm,
  setting clear and consistent limits, but try to
  reason with their children, explaining why they
  should behave in a particular way
• Uninvolved parents parents who show virtually
  no interest in their children, displaying
  indifferent, rejecting behavior

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Moral Development

• Moral development refers to the maturation of
  peoples sense of justice, of what is right and
  wrong, and their behavior in connection with such
  issues
• Heteronomous morality the stage of moral
  development in which rules are seen as invariant
  and unchangeable
• Immanent justice the notion that rules that are
  broken earn immediate punishment
• Prosocial behavior helping behavior that
  benefits others

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• Abstract modeling the process in which modeling
  paves the way for the development of more general
  rules and principles
• Empathy the understanding of what another
  individual feels. Empathy continues to grow
  through the preschool years

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Aggression and Violence in Preschoolers

• Aggression is intentional harm or injury to
  another person
• Emotional self-regulation is the capability to
  adjust ones emotions to a desired state and
  level of intensity
• Relational aggression nonphysical aggression
  that is intended to hurt another persons
  psychological well- being

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Televised Acts of Violence