Human Overview

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• RIO D. DOMALAON,RN,MAN,JD

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COURSE DESCRIPTION

• The course deals with the combined study of the
  structures and functions of the human body, the
  relationship between Human Anatomy and
  Physiology, and this includes the definition of
  terms. Correlation of human biologic structure
  and normal physiologic functions, basic
  regulatory mechanisms which promotes homeostasis,
  familiarization of some physiologic parameters
  which serves as indicators for the organisms
  state of health.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

• At the end of the course, the students should be
  able to
• KNOWLEDGE
• 1.Enumerate the different systems and each part
  of the human body and their function.
• 2.Define the different anatomical terms and its
  application to human anatomy and physiology.
• 3.Explain the different processes that are taken
  placed in human body.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

• VALUES
• 1.Imbibe the importance of Human Anatomy and
  Physiology in the value of healthy lifestyle and
  how this lifestyle can lead to good life.
• 2.Imbibe the importance of their knowledge in
  Human Anatomy and Physiology in the holistic
  caring of their future patients.
• 3.Imbibe the importance of Human Anatomy and
  Physiology in educating their future patients.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

• SKILLS
• 1.Apply different Anatomical Terms in their
  succeeding subjects, courses, and Nursing
  Clinical Areas.
• 2.Locate the different parts of the Human Body.
• 3.Illustrate how the relationship of Human
  Anatomy and Physiology affect our body systems.

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GRADING SYSTEM

• No.of Units 5 Units
• Midterm Exam 50
• Final Exam 50
• MIDTERM
• LECTURE 60
• Quizzes....30
• Class Standing..30 (Recitation, Projects,
  Performance Tasks)
• Long Exam.40

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GRADING SYSTEM

• LABORATORY 40
• Quizzes/Practical Exam25 (Recitation,
  Projects, Etc.)
• Class Standing.25 (Recitation,
  Projects, Etc.)
• Laboratory Activity/Performance Tasks25

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GRADING SYSTEM

• FINALS
• LECTURE 60
• Quizzes30
• Class Standing..30 (Recitation, Projects,
  Performance Tasks)
• Long Exam.40

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GRADING SYSTEM

• LABORATORY 40
• Quizzes/Practical Exam25 (Recitation,
  Projects, Etc.)
• Class Standing.25 (Recitation,
  Projects, Etc.)
• Laboratory Activity/Performance Tasks..25
• Long Exam/Practical Exam.25

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RULES IN HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CLASS

• Dont be late. A 15 minute late is considered
  absent.
• Always take the exam on the day itself.
• There will be no special exam except for extreme
  cases.
• Put your cellphones in a silent mode during class
  hours.

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• Use of personal electronic devices are not
  allowed without permission during class hours.
  Confiscated personal electronic devices will be
  turned to the Discipline Officer.
• Policy on cheating will be strictly observed
  during exams.
• No Sleeping inside my class.
• You may go out from the class for your personal
  things, just raise your hand and go out through
  the backdoor.

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INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

• Textbook Essentials of Human Anatomy and
  Physiology by Elaine Marieb(2019)
• Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy and Physiology
  Coloring Book by Elaine Marieb
• Any Human Anatomy Atlas
• Human Torso Model
• Human Skeletal Model
• Microscopic Slides

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HUMAN BODY AN ORIENTATION

• ANATOMY The study of the structure and shape of
  the body and its parts and their relationships
  to one another.
• MACROSCOPIC/GROSS ANATOMY The study of large
  body structures (e.g. heart, lungs, kidneys,
  etc.)
• It can be further divided into

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MACROSCOPIC/GROSS ANATOMY

• 1.Regional Anatomy
• -all structures(muscles, bones, blood vessels,
  nerves etc.) in one particular region such as
  abdomen or leg
• 2.Systematic Anatomy
• -system by system
• 3.Surface Anatomy
• -study of external body structures

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• MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY The study of body
  structures too small to be seen with the naked
  eye.
• 1.Cytology
• -Study of body cells
• 2.Histology
• -Study of body tissues

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• DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY
• -Structural changes to the body throughout
  lifespan
• 1.Embryology
• -Development which occur before birth

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• PHYSIOLOGY The study of how the body and its
  parts work or function.
• SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY
• -Study of body systems function
• COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
• -Study of various characteristics of living
  organisms
• MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY
• -Study of physiological dysfunction and
  diseases

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They are always related

• The parts of the body form a well organized unit.
• PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY OF STRUCTURE AND
  FUNCTION
• -States that function is dependent on structure,
  and that the form of a structure relates to its
  function.

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• Examples
• 1.Bones can support and protect body organs
  because they contain hard mineral deposits.
• 2.Blood flows in one direction because the heart
  has valves that prevent backflow.

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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
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The Basics

• Each level contains progressively larger
  structures
• The structure in each level is composed of
  structures from the preceding level.

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Level 1- Chemical Level

• Smallest level of organization
• From atoms up to molecules
• Atom The building blocks of all matter
• The smallest particle of a
  substance that can exist by itself or be
  combined with other atoms to form a
  molecule.
• Examples H, H2O

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Level 2- Cellular Level

• Cells The smallest unit of all living things.
• Example Neurons

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Level 3- Tissue Level

• Tissue It consist of groups of similar cells
  that have a common function
• 4 Basic Types of Tissue
• 1.Epithelial Tissue
• 2.Connective Tissue
• 3.Muscular Tissue
• 4.Neural Tissue

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Level 4- Organ Level

• Organ The structure composed of two or more
  tissues types that performs a specific function.
• At this level, extremely complex functions become
  possible
• Example
• Brain

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Level 5- Organ System Level

• Organ System A group of organs that work
  together to accomplish a common purpose
• Example Central Nervous System

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Level 6- Organismal Level

• Organism An individual living thing composed of
  multiple organ systems working together
• Humans use 11 organ systems

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THE HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS

• Please take note the structures involved and how
  each of these structures function both
  independently and together.
• Take note how the organ systems are interrelated

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Structures
• SKIN
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Apocrine Gland
• Subcutaneous Tissue
• Arrector Pili Muscle
• Eccrine Sweat Gland
• Melanocytes
• Hair
• Nails

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FUNCTIONS

• Protect
• Fluid balance
• Absorption
• Synthesis of Vitamin D
• Sensation/Communication with external environment
• Thermoregulation
• Immunity
• Excretion

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• STRUCTURES
• -Bones (206-Adult) (300-Pedia)
• -Joints Point of articulation of two bones
  provide ROM
• -Ligaments Connects bone to bone
• -Cartilage Supports and shapes acts as a shock
  absorber
• -Bursae Sacs filled with synovial fluid cushion
  and reduce friction between joints

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Types of Joints

• Pivot
• Condyloid
• Ball and Socket
• Hinge
• Plane/gliding
• Saddle

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FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

• 1.Supports the body
• 2.Provides a framework for skeletal muscles
• 3.Protects some organs
• 4.Performs hematopoiesis
• HEMATOPOIESIS Formation of blood cells

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE Skeletal Muscles
• FUNCTIONS
• -To contract and to allow movement
• -Viewed as the machines of the body
• -Allows for locomotion, maintains posture,
• produces heat etc.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory
  receptors
• (bodys fast-acting control system)
• FUNCTIONS
• 1.Respond to external stimuli
• 2.Respond to internal stimuli
• 3.Assesses information and responds by
• Activating the appropriate body effectors
• (muscles or glands)

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids,
• Adrenals, Thymus, and Pineal Glands,
• Pancreas, Ovaries/Testis
• FUNCTIONS
• 1.Controls body activities
• (slower than the nervous system)
• 2.Produce and release hormones

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE Heart and Blood Vessels
• FUNCTIONS
• 1.Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other
• Substances to and from tissue cells where
• exchanges are made
• 2.WBCs help protect the body from foreign
• invaders (bacteria, toxins, tumor cells)

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE Nasal Passages, Pharynx, Larynx
• (vocal cords), Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs
• FUNCTIONS
• 1.Keeps body constantly supplied with oxygen
• 2.Removes carbon dioxide from the body
• 3.Thin walls of the air sacs allows gases to be
  trans-
• ported to and from the lungs

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes,
• Spleen, Tonsils
• FUNCTIONS
• 1.Returns fluid leaked from the blood back
• to the blood vessels
• 2.Help cleanse the blood and house cells
• Involved in immunity
• 3.Compliments the Cardiovascular System

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DIGESTIVE SYTEM

• STRUCTURE (Mouth to Anus)
• -Oral Cavity (Mouth), Esophagus, Stomach, Small
• and Large Intestines, Rectum, Anus
• FUNCTIONS
• 1.Breakdown food
• 2.Deliver products to the blood for dispersal to
• the body cells
• 3,Reclaim water (large intestines)

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• Liver is a digestive organ because it produces
  bile, which breakdown fats
• Pancreas delivers digestive enzymes to the small
  intestines, functionally a digestive organ

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URINARY/EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• STRUCTURE Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
• FUNCTIONS
• 1.Removes Nitrogen-containing wastes
• from the blood in the form of urine
• 2.Helps maintain salt and water balance
  (electrolyte)
• 3.Regulates the acid-base balance of the blood

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• STRUCTURES
• MALES Testis, Scrotum, Penis, Accessory Glands
• And Duct System
• FEMALES Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina
• FUNCTIONS
• -To produce offspring

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NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTION

• What things must happen in individual organ
  systems and between multiple organ systems to
  allow the human body to function?

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THE BASIC IDEA

• All organisms must use and maintain necessary
  life functions
• Organ systems are interdependent
• It is important to establish which organ systems
  are most directly related to each life fnction

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WHAT MUST HAPPEN

• Maintain boundaries
• Movement
• Responsiveness
• Digestion
• Metabolism
• Excretion
• Reproduction
• Growth

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MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES

• Every living organism needs to maintain
  boundaries to keep insides distinct from
  outsides
• Every individual cell has a membrane (most semi
  or selectively permeable)
• (Microscopic Anatomy)
• The body is enclosed by the Integumentary
  System (Gross Anatomy)
• -Protects internal organs from drying out
• -Protects internal organs from bacteria
• Protects body from the damaging effects of heat,
  sunlight, chemical substances, and the external
  environment

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MOVEMENT

• All activities promoted by the muscular system
• Muscular system provides the muscles
• Skeletal System provides the bones the muscles
  pull on as they work
• Movement also occurs when substances are
  propelled through the internal organs of the
  cardiovascular, digestive and urinary systems

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RESPONSIVENESS

• It is also called as irritability
• It is the ability to sense changes in the
  environment and react to them
• The nervous system is the most responsible for
  responsiveness
• However, all body cells are irritable to some
  extent

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DIGESTION

• It is the process of breaking down ingested food
  into simple molecules that can be absorbed into
  the blood
• In the complex body this is performed by the
  digestive system

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METABOLISM

• A broad term that refers to all chemical reaction
  that occurs within body cells. It includes
• -Breaking down complex molecules into smaller
  ones
• -Using Oxygen and nutrients to produce
  molecules of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate, the
  energy-rich molecules that power cell
  activities)
• Depends on the respiratory, digestive and
  cardiovascular system
• Mainly regulated by hormones secreted by the
  glands on the endocrine system

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EXCRETION

• It is the process of removing excreta (wastes)
  from the body
• Non- useful substances produced during digestion
  and metabolism must be removed
• Several organ systems participate in excretion,
  including the digestive and urinary system

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REPRODUCTION

• Responsible for the production of offspring
• Can occur at both the cellular and organismal
  levels
• Examples Mitosis in cells, Human reproduction
• Task of the reproductive system, regulated
  precisely by the hormones of the endocrine system

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GROWTH

• An increase in size, usually accomplished by an
  increase number of cells
• For growth to occur, cell constructing activities
  must occur at a faster rate than cell-destroying
  ones

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SURVIVAL NEEDS

• What are the basic substances necessary for human
  survival?

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SURVIVAL NEEDS

• Several factors necessary for maintaining life
• Nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate temperature
  and atmospheric
• Must be present in appropriate amounts too much
  or too little may be equally harmful

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NUTRIENTS

• Body takes in through food
• Contain the chemicals used for energy and cell
  building
• Proteins, carbohydrates, etc.

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OXYGEN

• The chemical reactions that release energy from
  foods require oxygen
• Approximately 20 of the air we breathe is Oxygen
  (20.95)

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WATER

• 60-80 body weight, 65-75 in muscle, only 10 in
  fat
• 50-60 in most people, women have a lower
  percentage due to higher body fat
• Single most abundant chemical substance in the
  body
• Provides the fluid base for body secretions and
  excretions

• (secretion is an active process-particle
  movement/ excretion is a passive process-waste
  removal)
• Chiefly ingested from foods and liquids
• Lost by evaporation and body excretions

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BODY TEMPERATURE

• Must be maintained around 37C or 98F
• As temperature drops, metabolic reactions slow
  until they stop
• As temperature rises, metabolic reactions speed
  up and can proceed too rapidly
• At either extreme, death will occur
• Most body heat is generated by the activity of
  skeletal muscles

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ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

• It is the force exerted on the surface of the
  body by the weight of the air
• Breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon
  dioxide in the lungs depend on appropriate
  atmospheric pressure

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HOMEOSTASIS

• What is homeostasis?
• Why is it important?

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HOMEOSTASIS

• A state of body equilibrium or stable internal
  environment of the body
• Literally means unchanging
• (Homeothe same, stasisstanding still)
• Dynamic state of equilibrium
• Examples Blood pressure, waste accumulation,
  body temperature

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HOMEOSTASIS

• Communication is key, and is mainly controlled by
  the nervous and endocrine systems
• -nerves
• The factor being regulated by homeostasis is the
  variable

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HOMEOSTASIS

• All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least
  three components
• 1.A receptor
• 2.A control center
• 3.An effector

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A RECEPTOR

• A receptor that responds to environmental changes
• -Some type of sensor that monitors and responds
  to change
• -Stimulus the change (pl.stimuli)
• -Sends information (input) to the second element
  (the control center) along afferent pathway
• -The afferent pathway approaches the control
  center

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A CONTROL CENTER

• A control center that assesses changes
• -Determines the level at which a variable is to
  be maintained
• -Analyzes the information it receives
• -Determines the appropriate course of action or
  response

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THE EFFECTOR

• Provides the means for the control center's
  response (output) to the stimulus
• Information flows from control center to the
  effector along the efferent pathway
• Efferent information exists from the control
  center
• The results of the response feedback to influence
  the stimulus
• Either depresses (negative feedback) or enhances
  (positive feedback)

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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

• Negative Feedback Mechanisms
• Restoring back the body to its original state.
• Cut-off the original stimulus and reduce the
  intensity.
• Make-up the most of the homeostasis control
  mechanisms
• Avoid sudden and harmful changes to our body
• e.g. Insulin will be secreted if the glucose
  level in blood is too high.

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POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

• Tend to increase the original disturbance
  (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from
  its original value
• Rare in the body
• Events that occur explosively
• Ex. Blood clotting, birth

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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE

• Homeostatic is so important that most diseases
  can be regarded as homeostatic imbalances
• As age increases, organ function decreases, and
  the risk of disease/homeostatic imbalance
  increases

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LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

• Standing position with the body erect facing
  forward, feet slightly apart, arms hanging and
  palms also facing forward.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• Explain and locate precisely where the body
  structure and it's relation to another.

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TERM DEFINITION
Superior (Cranial) Toward head end, above
Inferior (Caudal) Away head end, below
Anterior (Ventral) Front of the body
Posterior (Dorsal) Behind the body
Medial Midline of the b, inner
Lateral Away from the midline, outer
Intermediate Between medial and lateral
Proximal Close to body origin
Distal Away from body origin
Superficial (External) Toward body surface
Deep (Internal) Away body surface
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DIRECTIONAL TERMS
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REGIONAL TERMS
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REGIONAL TERMS

• Axial Region
• -axis of our body
• -comprise of 3 parts
• head, neck and trunk
• Appendicular Region
• -limbs, or appendages
• -body parts that attached to the axis

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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

• Sagittal PLane
• -Vertical plane divide body into right and left
• -Sagittal plane that exactly cut in the middle
  called MIDSAGITTAL or median plane.
• -Sagittal plane that PARASAGITTAL plane.

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• Frontal Plane
• -Vertical line that divide the body to anterior
  and posterior parts.

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• Transverse Plane
• -Horizontal plane which divide body into superior
  and inferior.

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TERMS OF MOTION
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TERMS OF MOTION
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BODY CAVITY
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BODY CAVITY

• Ventral Cavity- houses visceral organs
• 2 Subdivisions
• 1.Thoracic Cavity- pleural (lungs), mediastinum
  (heart, esophagus, trachea, etc.)
• 2.Abdominopelvic Cavity- abdominal (stomach,
  intestines, spleen, liver, etc.),
• pelvic (bladder, reproductive system, rectum)

• Dorsal Cavity- protects nervous system
• 2 Subdivisions
• 1.Cranial Cavity- brain
• 2.Spinal Cavity- spinal cord

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ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
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9 ABDOMINAL REGION
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OTHER BODY CAVITIES

• ORAL AND DIGESTIVE CAVITY
• -Oral Cavity commonly called the mouth, contains
  the teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and
  continuous with the cavity of the digestive
  organs, which opens to the exterior at the anus.

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NASAL CAVITY

• -Located within and posterior to the nose, the
  nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system
  passageways

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ORBITAL CAVITIES

• -The orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house
  the eyes and present them in an anterior
  position.

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MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES

• -The middle ear cavities in the skull lie just
  medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain
  tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the
  hearing receptors in the inner ears.

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SYNOVIAL CAVITIES

• - Synovial cavities are joint cavities. They are
  enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround
  freely movable joints of the body (such as the
  elbow and knee joints). Like the serous
  membranes, membranes lining synovial cavities
  secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction
  as the bones move across one another.

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REFERENCES

• Marieb,E.N. (2019).Essentials of Human Anatomy
  and Physiology.Jurong,SingaporePearson Education
  South Asia Pte Ltd.
• Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc.
  publishing as Benjamin Cummings