Mushroom - Phylum ASCOMYCOTA

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Annamalai University Faculty of
agriculture Department of plant pathology Exp
pat 421 mushroom culture (0 10 ) B.Sc (hons)
agriculture iv - year
Seminar topic Mushroom belonging
to the phylum ASCOMYCOTA
Done By C . Bremkumar (190720160) A . Brindha
(190720161 )
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Mushroom belonging to the
phylum ASCOMYCOTA
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• Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi and
  that together with the Basidiomycota, forms the
  sub kingdom Dikarya.
• Ascomycota is derived from Greek words
• askos bag or bladder
• mykes fungus.

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• Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi
  or ascomycetes.
• It is one of the largest phylum of Fungi, with
  over 64,000 species.
• They produce sexual non-motile spores known as
  ascospores . They are produced in a
  sac-like structure known as an ascus .
  Each ascus contains 4 - 8
  ascospores.
• Examples of sac fungi or ascomycetes include
  morels , truffles , brewers and
  bakers yeast , dead mans fingers, and
  cup fungi,etc..,

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Characteristics of ascomycetes

• Ascomycota are morphologically diverse . The
  group includes organisms from unicellular yeasts
  to complex cup fungi. 98 of lichens have an Ascom
  ycota as the fungal part of the lichen.
  The unifying characteristic among these diverse
  groups is the presence of a reproductive
  structure known as the ascus, though in
  some cases it has a reduced role in the life
  cycle.
• Some of the ascomycetes are edible as mushrooms.
• Eg . True morels, truffels , etc..,
• Sexual reproduction is by conjugation between two
  gametangia. They are either
  homothallic or heterothallic .
• Asexual reproduction is by the formation of
  conidia exogenously on
  conidiophores . Yeast reproduces asexually by
  budding .

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• Many of them cause tree diseases, such as Dutch
  elm disease and apple blights.
  Some of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes are
  apple scab, rice blast , ergot fungi ,
  black knot, and the powdery mildews.
• Most ascomycetes are terrestrial or parasitic.
• The cell walls of the hyphae are variably
  composed of chitin and ß-glucans.
• The mycelium of ascomycetes is usually made up of
  septate and branched hyphae.

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Difference between Ascomycota and basidiomycota
ASCOMYCOTA BASIDIOMYCOTA

A division of fungi characterized by the presence of asci and ascospores. A division of fungi that have sepatate hyphae and spores borne in a basidium
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Sac fungi Club fungi
Mainly undergoes asexual reproduction Mainly undergoes sexual reproduction
Shows partial degeneration of visible sexuality Shows complete degeneration of visible sexuality
Produces gametangia Does not produce gametangia
The dikaryophase is established either by the development of gametangia, by spermatization or by somatogamy The dikaryophase is established either by spermatization or by somatogamy
Dikaryophase depends on the haplophase for nutrition Dikaryophase is independent
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The dikaryophase is small and short-lived The dikaryophase is large and long-lived
Forms croziers in the dikaryotic mycelia Forms clump connections
Sexual Spores Ascospores Sexual Spores Basidiospores
Ascospores are endogenous and are formed inside the ascus Basidiospores are exogenous and are formed inside basidia
Produces 4-spored or 8-spored ascus Produces 1-spored to 8-spored basidia
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Morphology of ascomycetes fungi
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EDIBLE SAC FUNGI

• The important edible sac fungi or mushrooms
  belonging to the phylum Ascomycota are
• Morels
• Truffles
• Lobster Mushroom
• Scarlet cup

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1 . Morels

• True morel or morel mushroom
• Morchella esculenta, is a species of fungus in
  the family Morchellaceae of the Ascomycota.
• Each fruit body begins as a tightly compressed,
  grayish sponge with lighter ridges, and
  expands to form a large yellowish sponge with
  large pits and ridges raised on a large white
  stem . It result in sponge or honey comb
  appearance.

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• Morels are mostly found in North America , Brazil
  , Bulgaria,etc,..
• In India , it can be found in Jammu and Kashmir
  in Kupwara district,Bandipora
  district,etc..
• It grows mostly in wild temperate forests during
  late
• spring to early summer.
• They occur singly or in groups of 3 7
  mushrooms.

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USES OF MORELS

• Morels are rich in vitamin D and
  contains some phenolic compounds.
  It has many medicinal value . Due to their unique
  flavor and nutritional value, these morels are
  used in soups and gravies. It also contains minera
  ls like Copper and Potassium.
• They are also a low-fat, plant-based food that
  makes a great addition to a heart-healthy diet
  as an ingredient or as a meat substitute

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2 . Truffles

• A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean
  (underground) ascomycete fungus.
• Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi, so they are
  usually found in close association with tree
  roots.
• Spore dispersal is accomplished through
  fungivores, animals that eat fungi.
• Truffles are mostly found in France ,US, Italy ,
  Australia, etc..,
• The winter truffles can be found in regions of
  India, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, China, and
  Japan.
• They are often located with the help of an animal
  possessing a refined sense of smell.
  Traditionally, pigs have been used to extract
  truffles.

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Different truffles

1. Black winter truffle - Tuber melanosporum
2. Black Summer/burgundy - Tuber aestivum
3. White truffle - Tuber magnatum
4. Whitish truffle - Tuber borchii
5. Garlic truffle - Tuber macrosporum

Summer / burgundy truffle
Winter truffle
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Uses

• Because of their high price and their strong
  aroma, truffles are used sparingly.
• Truffles are also used for producing truffle salt
  and truffle honey.
• Truffle oil is used as a lower-cost and
  convenient substitute for truffles,
  to provide flavouring, or to enhance the flavour
  and aroma of truffles in cooking.
• It is used as a cocktail mix or a food flavouring.

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3 . Lobster Mushroom

• The lobster mushroom Hypomyces lactifluorum
  is actually a fungus that has parasitized a
  Russula or Lactarius mushroom.
• The fungus creates a beautiful, bright orange
  covering over the mushroom, the surface of which
  is rather hard, and dotted with tiny pimples.
  
• They have a sea food-like flavor and a firm,
  dense texture.
• Theyre low in fat and sodium and high in fiber
  content.

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4 . Scarlet cup

• Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the
  scarlet elf cup, scarlet elf cap, or the scarlet
  cup, is a species of fungus in the family
  Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales.
• The fungus, widely distributed in the Northern
  Hemisphere, has been found in Africa,
  Asia, Europe, North and South America, and
  Australia.

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• The cup-shaped fruit bodies are usually produced
  during the cooler months of winter and early
  spring.
• The time required for the development of fruit
  bodies has been estimated to be about 24 weeks.

• Uses
• Sarcoscypha coccinea was used as a medicinal
  fungus by the peoples of Oneida,New York.
• In Scarborough, England, the fruit bodies used to
  be arranged with moss and leaves and sold
  as a table decoration.
• The fruit bodies have been noted to be a source
  of food for rodents in the winter, and slugs
  in the summer.

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Reproduction iN ascomycetes
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• Sexual reproduction in the Ascomycota leads to
  the formation of the ascus, the structure
  that defines this fungal group and
  distinguishes it from other fungal phyla.
• The ascus is a tube-shaped vessel, a
  meiosporangium, which contains the sexual spores
  produced by meiosis and these spores are called
  ascospores.
• An Ascocarp is the fruiting body of the sexual
  phase in Ascomycota.

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different types of Ascocarp

• Perithecia Ascocarp are in flask-shaped
  with a pore (ostiole) at the top. E.g. Neurospora
  Cleistothecia The ascocarp is spherical and
  closed.E.g. Aspergillus Apothecia The ascocarp
  are in a bowl shaped.
• These are sometimes called the cup fungi.
  E.g. Peziza
• Ascostroma - There is no differentiated fruiting
  body. Asci are present in the stroma, e.g.
  Mycosphaerella
• Naked asci These occur in simple ascomycetes
  asci are produced on the organisms surface
  have no ascocarp. E.g. Yeasts

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Types of Ascocarp
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Asexual reproduction

• Asexual reproduction occur through the vegetative
  reproductive spores ,
• Conidia
• Oidia
• Chlamydospores
• Asexual reproduction also takes place through
  budding in the case of Yeast.

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Some important terms
Haploid (n) The presence of a single set of
chromosomes in an organisms cells
. Diploid (2n) The presence of two complete
sets of chromosomes in an
organisms cells, with each parent
contributing a chromosome to each
pair. Plasmogamy The protoplasm of two-parent
cells merges without nuclei fusion,resulting in
two haploid nuclei in the same cell
(nn) Karyogamy Fusion of two haploid nucleus
to form a single diploid nuclei (2n).
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Meiosis Division of a germ cell involving two
fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to
four gametes, or sex cells, each
possessing half the number of chromosomes
of the original cell. Mitosis process of cell
division wherein the chromosomes
replicate and get equally distributed into two
diploid daughter cells.
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Life cycle of ascomycetes
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Advantages of ascomycetes

• Ciclosporin, an immunosuppressor is derived from
  the fungus Tolypocladium niveum. It is used in
  organ transplants and autoimmune diseases
  Many organic acids and enzymes are produced by
  ascomycetes, e.g. Citric acid, gluconic
  acid, amylases, proteases, etc
  Different kinds of cheese are prepared from
  different Penicillium species, e.g. Camembert,
  Brie, Roquefort, etc. Aspergillus is used to prepa
  re soyasauce and to prepare other
  Asian alcoholic beverages

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• Penicillin, the first antibiotic is discovered by
  Alexander Fleming from Penicillium notatum( Now
  called as Penicillium
  chrysogenum) is also from ascomycetes.
• Morels, Truffles and lobster mushroom are used as
  fungal Delicacies Neurospora, Saccharomy
  ces, etc. are widely used to study
  genetics.

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Disadvantages of ascomycetes

• Some species cause plant diseases like apple
  scab, rice blast, the ergot fungi, and the
  powdery mildew that damage crops and
  other plants Penicillium italicum spoil food that
  can result in significant loses.
  Some species are capable of producing poisonous
  substances called mycotoxin like patulin ,
  aflatoxine and alkaloides that can gravely affect
  humans and animals. Candida albicans in phylum Asc
  omycota can cause opportunistic diseases
  in human beings.

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