event management

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Chapter 14 Personal Safety and Injury Prevention

• Lecture Outlines by
• Sloane Burke Winkelman
• California State University, Northridge

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Did You Know?

• Nearly 72 of teen and young adult (ages 1524)
  deaths are caused by injuries.
• Each year, at least 3,000 Americans die because
  of car crashes involving distracted driving.
• One in four women has been the victim of severe
  physical violence at the hands of an intimate
  partner.

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Learning Objectives

• Name the most common unintentional injuries and
  contributing factors to these events.
• Discuss ways you can reduce your risk of being in
  a motor vehicle accident.
• Identify five steps for staying safe while
  walking and cycling.
• Discuss contributing factors and prevention
  strategies for residential, recreational, and
  occupational injuries.
• Identify trends in the incidence of violent crime
  in the United States and common contributing
  factors to these patterns.

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Learning Objectives

• Discuss violence within communities, including
  school and campus violence.
• Define and describe intimate partner violence,
  including the factors that keep victims in
  abusive relationships.
• Identify types of sexual violence and strategies
  for preventing such violence.
• Explain how you can help improve campus safety.

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Personal Safety and Injury

• Personal safety The practice of making decisions
  and taking actions that reduce your risk of
  injury and death.
• Unintentional injury (accident) Bodily damage
  that is not deliberately caused.
• Intentional injury Physical harm that is
  purposefully inflicted through violence.

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OVERVIEW OF UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES
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Factors That Lead to Unintentional Injuries

• Substance abuse
• Sex
• Age
• Environmental factors
• Divided attention

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Motor Vehicle Accidents

• No other single cause of death claims more young
  lives than car crashes.
• Factors that increase the risk for motor vehicle
  accidents
• Distracted driving (23 times higher accident risk
  when texting).
• Impaired driving (alcohol is involved in
  one-third of all highway fatalities).
• Skipping seat belts (15 of people don't
  consistently use them).
• Speeding and other forms of aggressive driving.

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How Can You Reduce Your Risk for Motor Vehicle
Accidents

• Don't get behind the wheel if you've been
  drinking or using drugs.
• Drive only if you have had adequate sleep.
• Allow enough time for your trip.
• Ensure your vehicle is in good working order.

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Other Traffic Injuries

• Traumatic brain injury (TBI) An injury that
  disrupts normal functioning of the brain, caused
  by a jolt or blow to the brain or a penetrating
  head wound.
• Accidents involving pedestrians and cyclists
  4,200 killed in 2010.

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Safety Tips for Pedestrians and Cyclists

• Follow the rules of the road.
• Stay visible.
• Keep your eyes on the road.
• Wear a helmet every time you ride.
• Don't drink and ride.

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RESIDENTIAL, OCCUPATIONAL, AND RECREATIONAL
INJURIES
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Unintentional Poisoning

• 87 people die every day in the United States from
  unintentional poisoning.
• 43 of these deaths are due to opioid painkiller
  overdoses.
• Another 2,200 people are treated in the hospital
  for such poisonings each year.

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Choking and Suffocation

• Lack of oxygen can result in permanent brain
  damage within 6 minutes.
• If choking
• Try back blows.
• If choking continues, try abdominal thrusts.
• Call 911, then continue abdominal thrusts and
  back blows.

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Drowning and Other Water Injuries

• Drowning causes 10 deaths per day.
• Consumption of alcohol is a factor in 60 of
  those deaths.
• Drowning is the second leading cause of
  unintentional injury deaths among young people
  aged 10-19.
• CDC recommends
• Take swimming lessons!
• Swim with a companion.
• Never drink alcohol when you are swimming or
  boating.
• Never dive or jump into an unknown body of water.
• Obey posted signs warning of unsafe swimming
  conditions.
• Know the signs of a rip current.
• Always wear a personal flotation device (life
  jacket).

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Fire Injuries

• 85 of all fire deaths occur in the home.
• 2,600 fire-related deaths occurred in 2010.
• U.S. Fire Administration recommends
• If the door is hot, do not open it. Open a window
  and scream for help.
• If the door isn't hot, leave the room and head
  for your planned exit.
• Get down and stay low.

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Work-Related Injuries

• Almost 3 million workers in the United States
  were injured on the job in 2011 and about 4,700
  died.
• Repetitive strain injury (RSI) An injury that
  damages joints, nerves, and connective tissue and
  is caused by repeated motions that put strain on
  one part of the body.
• Example Carpal tunnel syndrome is a repetitive
  stress injury of the hand or wrist, often linked
  to computer keyboard use or other types of
  repetitive motion.
• Back injuries.

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OVERVIEW OF INTENTIONAL INJURIES AND VIOLENCE
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Overview of Intentional Injuries and Violence

• Violence is the use of physical forcethreatened
  or actualwith the intent of causing harm.
• In 2011, more than 1.2 million violent crimes
  were committed in the United States, about 3,300
  per day.
• Of these attacks
• 62 were aggravated assaults intended to cause
  serious injury, often involving a weapon.
• 29 were robberies.
• 7 were forcible rapes.
• 1 were murders.

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Violent Crime Rates Over the Last 20 Years
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Factors That Lead to Violence

• Sex
• Age
• Guns
• Poverty
• Interpersonal relationships

• Drugs and alcohol
• Childhood environment
• Violence in the media
• Personal and cultural beliefs
• Stress

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VIOLENCE WITHIN COMMUNITIES
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Assault and Murder

• More than 750,000 aggravated assaults are
  committed each year.
• Aggravated assault An attack intended to cause
  serious physical harm, often involving a weapon.
• Murder The act of intentionally and
  unjustifiably killing another person.
• 14,612 murders occurred in the United States in
  2011.
• Homicide The killing of one human being by
  another.

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School and Campus Violence

• Example of school violence Columbine High
  School, Colorado.
• 19 homicides of school-aged children occurred
  during 2009-2010.
• Example of campus violence Virginia Tech (2007),
  32 killed.
• Hazing Initiation rituals to enter a fraternity,
  sorority, or other group that can be humiliating,
  hazardous, or physically or emotionally abusive,
  regardless of the person's willingness to
  participate.

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Hate Crimes and Terrorism

• Hate crime Fueled by bias against another
  person's or group's race or ethnicity, religion,
  national origin, sexual orientation, or
  disability.
• Terrorism Premeditated, politically motivated
  violence against noncombatant individuals,
  usually as a means of influence.
• Example September 11, 2001, attacks.

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Tips for Campus Safety

• Program numbers for campus safety services into
  your cell phone.
• Keep your room locked and don't loan out your
  keys.
• Don't prop open access doors or let strangers in.
• Know where smoke detectors are and make sure they
  are working know emergency exits and a fire
  escape plan.

• Drink in moderation, if at all.
• Don't make online purchases from a shared
  computer.
• Don't travel alone after dark.
• Give friends or family your schedule.
• Keep valuables hidden.
• Know your surroundings and trust your instincts.

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• The Virginia Tech shootings in 2007 prompted
  colleges to reevaluate their safety and alert
  procedures.

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VIOLENCE WITHIN RELATIONSHIPS
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Intimate Partner Violence

• Intimate partner violence (IPV) An abusive
  situation in which one member of a couple or
  intimate relationship may verbally, emotionally,
  sexually, or physically abuse the other.
• Domestic (family) violence An abusive situation
  in which family members may verbally,
  emotionally, sexually, or physically abuse
  others.
• One in four women is the victim of IPV.
• One in five women has been raped.

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Intimate Partner Violence

• The cycle of violence can be difficult to escape
• Tension building.
• Acute battering.
• Remorse.
• Victims stay in abusive relationships for a
  variety of reasons breaking out of an abusive
  relationship can be very difficult.
• Many people lack an understanding of how and why
  IPV occurs.

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Stalking and Cyberstalking

• A pattern of harassment directed at a specific
  person that is intended to cause intimidation and
  fear, often through repeated, unwanted contact.
• Common stalking behaviors
• Making unwanted phone calls.
• Sending unwanted letters, emails, or text
  messages.
• Following or spying.
• Showing up where there victim will be, or waiting
  for the victim, with no legitimate reason.
• Leaving unwanted items or presents.
• Posting information or spreading rumors about the
  victim.

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Addressing Violence Within Relationships

• Risk factors for those with a potential for
  violence
• Low self-esteem.
• Low academic achievement.
• A history of aggressive or delinquent behavior.
• A history of having been abused as a child.
• Alcohol or other substance abuse.
• Anger and hostility.
• Depression and social isolation.
• Belief in strict gender roles.
• Desire for power and control.

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SEXUAL VIOLENCE
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Sexual Violence

• Defined as any form of nonconsensual sexual
  activity.
• Risk factors for sexual violence
• Hostility toward women.
• Shared tolerance of sexual violence.
• Low self-control.
• Substance abuse.
• "No" isn't always heard as "No."

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Sexual Harassment

• Unwelcome sexual advances that explicitly or
  implicitly affect academic or employment
  situations, unreasonably interfere with work or
  school performance, or create an intimidating,
  hostile, or offensive work or school environment.
• In 2011, 11,364 cases of sexual harassment were
  filed in the United States.

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Sexual Harassment

• Can occur in a variety of circumstances.
• The harasser's conduct must be unwelcome.
• The victim and harasser may be a woman or a man
  the two parties do not have to be of the opposite
  sex.
• The harasser can be the victim's supervisor,
  teacher, agent of the employer, co-worker, fellow
  student, or nonemployee or nonstudent.
• The victim does not have to be the person
  harassed, but can be anyone affected by the
  offensive conduct.
• Harassment may occur even if the victim suffers
  no economic injury or stays on the job or at
  school.

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Sexual Harassment on Campus

• Discussion Questions
• What do you think prevents women from reporting
  cases of sexual harassment on campuses? Provide
  recommendations for universities (for example
  programming, discussions, etc.) that would help
  women come forward with complaints of sexual
  harassment.
• What are the implications for universities where
  students come forward with complaints?

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Rape

• Nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration
  by body parts or objects using force, threats of
  bodily harm, or taking advantage of circumstances
  that make a person incapable of consenting to
  sex.
• Date (acquaintance) rape Coerced, forceful, or
  threatening sexual activity in which the victim
  knows the attacker.
• Statutory rape Any sexual activity with a person
  younger than the legally defined "age of
  consent," regardless of whether any coercion or
  force was involved.
• Date rape drugs Used to assist in a sexual
  assault often given to the victim without his or
  her knowledge or consent.

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Reducing the Risk of Date Rape

• Practice safety when dating someone you don't
  know wellstay in public arrange for your own
  transportation.
• Watch out for coercive behavior.
• Trust your instincts.
• Stay sober, and don't accept drinks.
• Be assertive and direct with your words and
  actions.
• Don't be afraid to use "No!" or "Stop!"

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To Avoid Becoming an Assailant

• Accept that "No" means "No."
• Someone who is intoxicated cannot legally consent
  to sex.
• Drinking and drugs make it difficult for you to
  communicate clearly and set limits about sex.
• Remember what being together offers a chance to
  get to know someone, not an automatic ticket to
  sex.
• Your date has the right to set limits and refuse
  any level of sexual activity.

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Sloppy Spring Breaker

• Discussion Questions
• Who should be held responsible in a potentially
  dangerous situation that involves a visually
  intoxicated woman and a male who attempts to take
  advantage of her? (i.e., the bartender, her
  friends, herself)?
• Would you feel responsible for helping a visually
  intoxicated woman who is seemingly being taken
  advantage of by a male patron at the bar? How
  would you react in a similar situation to the
  ones in the video?
• Discuss ground rules or ways to keep friends safe
  while on spring break if one of your friends gets
  intoxicated.

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Effects of Sexual Violence

• Sexual violence has both immediate and long-term
  consequences on psychological and social health
• Depression and increased risk of suicide.
• Substance abuse.
• Sleep disorders.
• Sexual dysfunction.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Decreased capacity to form intimate bonds with
  partners.

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If You Are Raped or Sexually Assaulted

• Remember that you are not to blame.
• Every situation is different, so use your best
  judgment regarding resisting.
• After an assault, go to a place where you feel
  safe and call someone you trust.
• Write down as many facts about the attack as you
  remember.
• Try not to change your clothes or clean up.
• Go to the hospital to be treated and tested.
• Make a decision about reporting the attack.

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Changing Yourself, Change Your World

• Personal choices
• Know your campus safety rules and resources.
• Challenge social pressures that encourage
  violence.
• Report crime.
• Helping a friend
• If in private, ask your friend what he or she has
  been going through. Listen. Don't interrupt.
• Tell your friend you're concerned about her or
  his safety.
• Offer specific assistance.
• Stay involved.
• Campus advocacy SAVE, SAFER, Campus-Men-of
  Strength-Club.