The Circulatory and Respiratory System

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The Circulatory and Respiratory System

• Chapter 30

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Circulatory System

• Internal transport system
• Distributes nutrients
• Removes wastes
• Repairs tissues
• Helps fight infections

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Components of the Circulatory System

• Blood? type of connective tissue made of cells
  and liquid
• Heart? a multi-chambered muscular organ
• Blood Vessels? tubes that form a pipeline through
  which blood circulates

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Blood Vessels
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Chemical Exchange

• Occurs only at capillaries
• Materials move to/from interstitial fluid, then
  to/from cells

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Chemical Exchange

• Small molecules? O2, CO2, diffuse membranes or
  pass through gaps between the epithelial cells of
  the capillary wall.
• Oxygen and nutrients ? from the blood into the
  interstitial fluid
• CO2 and other small waste ?from the interstitial
  fluid into the blood.

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Chemical Exchange
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Lymphatic System

• Blood loses about 4 liters of fluid into the
  interstitial fluid each day
• Collects and returns fluid to the circulatory
  system
• Made up of lymph nodes and glands

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Lymphatic System

• Parallel circulatory system
• transports WBC
• collects interstitial fluid returns to blood
• transports fats from digestive to circulatory
  system

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Important Lymphatic Tissues

• Lymph nodes neck axilla, groin, abdomen
• Tonsils and adenoids
• Thymus
• Spleen

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Blood

• Plasma ? 55, straw colored fluid
• Cellular components? 45

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Figure 42.14x Blood smear
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Cellular Components

• 1.RBC (Erythrocytes)
• Size and Shape very small, biconcave enucleate
  disks
• Quantity About 5M/mm3 Constantly produced and
  destroyed, about 2.5M/second!
• Life Span average life 120 days

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1.RBC (Erythrocytes)

• Function carry oxygen able to do this because
  of structure of Hb.
• Formation Produced in ends of bones, skull,
  sternum
• DISORDERS
• anemia
• leukemia

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2. WBC( Leukocytes)

• Larger than RBC, nucleated, fewer in circulation,
  about 7500 cells/mm3
• Function of all leukocytes is protection

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3. Platelets

• Cellular fragments that contain thromboplastin
• Major role in blood clotting
• Break up of platelets releases thromboplastin

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Blood Clotting

• There are at least 20 factors involved in blood
  clotting.
• Calcium is essential

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Thromboplastin

Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
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Figure 42.16x Blood clot
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Circuits of Blood Flow

• The pulmonary circuit? carries oxygen-depleted
  blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygen-rich
  blood back to the heart
• The systemic circuit ?carries oxygen-rich blood
  from the heart to the rest of the body and
  oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart

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Anatomy of the Heart
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SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
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Chambers of the Heart

• Atria? upper two chambers, receive blood returnig
  to the heart
• Ventricles? lower two chambers, pump blood out of
  the heart

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Heart Valves

• Flaps of tissue that prevent blood flowing
  backward.
• Function?to allow blood to flow through and
  prevent blood from flowing backward
• Atrioventricular valves?bet.ventricles and artria
• Pulmonary and Aortic Valve? bet. The ventricles
  and arteries.

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Heart Sounds

• Lubb Dubb
• Caused by valves snapping shut
• Lubb?atrioventricular valves closing
• Dupp? pulmonary and aortic valve close

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Blood Flow and Valves

• Blood ? right atrium? right ventricle? ventricles
  contract, atrioventricular valves close,
  intraventricular pressure rises blood is pushed
  up against the semi lunar valves ?Ventricles
  relax, pressure falls and valves close? blood is
  pumped to the lung via the pulmonary artery
  ?Oxygen replenished blood enters the left
  atrium?left ventricle? aorta to the rest of the
  body

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Cardiac Circulation

• The heart muscle and is oxygenated and nourished
  by the Coronary arteries that branch from the
  base or the aorta and encircles the heart

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Disorders

• Angina
• Myocardial infarction
• Valve disorders/murmurs

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How is Heart Beat Controlled?

• Pacemaker SA Node (Sinoatrial)? located on the
  wall of the right atrium, it generates electrical
  impulses that spread to the walls of the atria ,
  making them contract
• AV node? electrical impulses generated are spread
  to the ventricles and making them contract.

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How is Heart Beat Controlled?
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Origin of Heartbeat
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Blood Pressure

• Systolic pressure? highest recorded pressure in
  the artery when the ventricles contract
• Diastolic pressure? lowest recorded pressure in
  the artery during the relaxation phase of the
  heartbeat
• Sphygmomanometer? instrument to measure blood
  pressure

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Blood Pressure
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Factors Which Affect Blood Pressure

• diameter of blood vessel
• total blood volume
• cardiac output
• Short term regulation of blood pressure by
  arterioles, long term by kidney

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Cardiovascular Disorders

• Atherosclerosis
• Arterioscelrosis
• Hypertension
• Stroke
• HW? What are the above dis orders and what can
  you do to prevent them.