PowerPointPrsentation

1
Wegweiser Luhmann schreibt zu Werten in der
Gesellschaft
A Grundlegendes

• Welche Eigenschaften spricht Luhmann sozialen
  Systemen zu?
• gt Einführung in die Theorie sozialer Systeme
• 2. Welche Rolle spielt dabei Systemdifferenzierung
  in Hinblick auf Gesellschaftsentwicklung?
• gt soziale Systeme als Gesellschaftstheorie

B Hinleitendes

• Welche grundlegende These formuliert Luhmann in
  seinem Text?
• gt These des Textes
• Wie arbeitet er diese evolutionstheoretisch aus?
• gt Entfaltung der These
• 3. Welchen Zusammenhang stellt er zwischen
  Semantik und Gesellschaftsstruktur her?

C Werte in der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft
1. Luhmann zeigt, dass Wertesemantiken in der
Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts entstehen. Er stellt
außerdem heraus, dass Werte immer auf
Unterschiedliches verweisen und nur im "Plural"
vorkommen können. Wie begründet er diese
Feststellung und welche Auswirkungen hat dies für
Wertesemantiken in der modernen Gesellschaft?
2
Grundsätzliches Einführung in die Systemtheorie
Welche Eigenschaften spricht Luhmann sozialen
Systemen zu?
(soziales) System
(temporäre) Instabilität
Sebstorganisation
Komplexität
Identität
Gedächtnis
3
Zitate Grundsätzliches Einführung in die
Systemtheorie

• Instabilität
• They can only exceed a certain minimum size if
  they can do without solid, continuous connections
  between all their elements, and are internally
  able to organize the resulting instability. This
  can be achieved by selecting allowable
  connections which are then, from an
  evolutionary point of view, more or less
  improbable. (S.59)
• Selbstorganisation Systeme, die nach Maßgabe
  ihrer eigenen Operationsweise und auf Grundlage
  ihrer eigenen Zuständlichkeit operieren.
• System Ganzheit einer Menge von Elementen und
  deren Relation zueinander.
• soziales System Sinnzusammenhang von auf
  einander verweisenden sozialen Handlungen, der
  sich von der Umwelt abgrenzt.
• Komplexität
• Complexity can therefore, be temporalized with
  regard to allowed connections, and seek to
  achieve order through controlled succession.
  (S.59)
• Komplexität Ein System ist komplex, wenn es
  mehrere Zustände annehmen kann.
• Gedächtnis/Identität
• Such highly temporalized systems need a memory
  that is to say, they need an arrangement for the
  exceptional case when transient events do leave
  traces within the system or in other words,
  when a past event remains recognizable in their
  recurrent network formed by the generation of
  further events ., and contributes as an
  identical element to the systems continuous
  monitoring of its own consistency. (S.59)

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Grundsätzliches soziale Systeme
Welche Eigenschaften spricht Luhmann sozialen
Systemen zu?
(soziales) System
Semantik
Operative Ebene
Sinn
Sprache
Kommunikation

5
Zitate Grundsätzliches soziale Systeme
Social Systems are systems of the type described
above. In analysing them, therefore, one must
distinguish between the operative level of
successive events, and the semantic level of
meaning worthy of retention. The operative level
is generated by currently occurring
communications. What actually takes place is
decided on this level.... The semantics
generated in this way control the selection of
links between events by remembering and
forgetting. Without this self-monitoring through
meaning, such systems could not exist. Hence the
evolution of language is an essential requirement
in the emergence of social systems. (60)
6
Grundsätzliches soziale Systeme und Gesellschaft
Welche Rolle spielt dabei Systemdifferenzierung
in Hinblick auf Gesellschaftsentwicklung?
(soziales) System
Gesellschaft
System- differenzierung
Evolution
7
Zitate Grundsätzliches soziale Systeme und
Gesellschaft
Gesellschaft als soziales System? This will be
done with the aid of the hypothesis that the
structure of complex systems, and particularly of
complex societies, requires system
differentiation that is, the formation of
systems within systems at the operative level.
(S.60) Systemdiffernzierung System
differentiation makes it possible to achieve the
advantage of system formation by assuming a
pre-formed system already delimited from the
environment, and then, as it were, demoting it to
the status of an environment of the new subsystem
that is being formed. In this way the complexity
and evolutionary improbability of the total
system can be enhanced ... (S.60.) Evolution
The level of complexity of a society can attain
in the course of its evolution depends primarily
on the prevailing form of System differentiation.
The transition form primarily stratified form of
differentiation to one organized primarily around
functions, raises a society to a much higher
level of complexity within a few centuries. This
because it is no longer necessary to give
precedence to questions of rank before all other
questions in daily communication. Nor would one
be prepared today, except in fundamentalist
circles, to divide up the world in terms of moral
criteria. Thereby, the form of differentiation
modifies the pre-conditions for the formation of
a semantics by means of which the social system
observes its own operations, actualises recurrent
elements and monitors its own cohesion.
8
Hinleitendes Die These des Textes
Welche grundlegende These formuliert Luhmann in
seinem Text?

• The thesis being advanced here states that the
  modern orientation by virtue of values is
  connected to the functional differentation of
  modern society, whereas earlier societies, with a
  predominately hierarchical stratification,
  reacted quite differently to the need for
  selection imposed by their own complexity
  (S.61).
• Behauptung Werte dienen erst in funktional
  differenzierten Gesellschaften als Semantiken,
  die die Selbstorganisation von Systemen
  beeinflussen. In hierarchisch strukturierten
  Gesellschaften lassen sich andere
  Selektionsmechanismen beobachte.
• Semantik und Struktur Luhmann verfolgt die
  These, dass sich Struktur und Semantiken
  gegenseitig bedingen und entwickeln, ohne dass er
  Kausalannahmen treffen möchte. Er stellt die
  These auf, dass die Bedeutung von Wertesemantiken
  erst mit Ausdifferenzierung einer funktional
  strukturierten Gesellschaftsstruktur vollzieht

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Hinleitendes Die Entfaltung der These
Wie arbeitet er diese evolutionstheoretisch
aus? Welchen Zusammenhang stellt er zwischen
Semantik und Gesellschaftsstruktur her?
Adelsgesellschaft ontologische
Gesellschaft, Ausschluss von Paradoxen
18. Jahrhundert Kollaps alt-europäischer
Semantiken
19. Jahrhundert Wertesemantik?
10
Werte in der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft
Luhmann zeigt, dass Wertesemantiken in der Mitte
des 19. Jahrhunderts entstehen. Er stellt
außerdem heraus, dass Werte immer auf
Unterschiedliches verweisen und nur im "Plural"
vorkommen können. Wie begründet er diese
Feststellung und welche Auswirkungen hat dies für
Wertesemantiken in der modernen Gesellschaft?
Seine Ausgangsbeobachtung What impresses the
sociologist, however, is the fact that, whatever
philosophers may think, the semantics of values
has become ingrained in the linguistic usage of
politics and law, and seems to be as
indispensable in formulating party programmes and
political goals as it is interpreting the
constitution and in the jurisdiction of the
Federal Constitutional Court. Nowadays, questions
of principle of this kind are often to be found
under the heading of ethics. But if we ask how
ethics are to be understood, all we come back
to is values and always in the plural. This
euphoria about values seems to suit our
contemporaries particularly well, and the
question that arises is whether there is an
explanation for it. (S.64)
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Werte in der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft
Luhmann zeigt, dass Wertesemantiken in der Mitte
des 19. Jahrhunderts entstehen. Er stellt
außerdem heraus, dass Werte immer auf
Unterschiedliches verweisen und nur im "Plural"
vorkommen können. Wie begründet er diese
Feststellung und welche Auswirkungen hat dies für
Wertesemantiken in der modernen Gesellschaft?
Komplexität
Veränderte Semantik
Kontingenz
Werte als inviolate levels
12
Zitate Werte in der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft
Komplexität As complexity increases, we said ,
selectivity and the instability of relations
between the basic units of the system also
increase. This unavoidable link is reflected in
the upheavals in the semantic tradition since the
end of the eighteenth century. (S.64) Kontingenz
More formally, one might say that all
connections are now described as contingent. They
are temporally contingent in that are no longer
determined by the past, by an immutable Nature,
by social origin they are objectively contingent
in that they could always be different and they
are socially contingent in they no longer depend
on consensus. But as contingency increases, a
need arises for new inviolate levels, and it is
this need that the semantics of value satisfy,
which in turn pronounces them unavoidable today.
(S.64)
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Werte in der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft
Anyone seeking more exact information is pointed
in two different directions, one empirical, the
other logical and anyone who still goes in for
metaphors of vertical might say that the
semantics of value offer an upper and lower
inviolate level while keeping quiet about
both of them. (S.64)
Logischer Zugriff Konflikt
Empirischer ZugriffKommunikation

• Implizite Wertekommunikation
• Explizite Wertekommunikatio

14
Zitate Werte in der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft
Empirischer Zugriff Kommunikation It is
striking that the communication is not about
values. Rather, the validity is assumed. Values
are treated as tacit knowledge. This protects
them from contradiction. To contradict them, one
needs first to elicit an overt profession of
value, so that one can say, I do not agree. For
communication requires references clearly stated
within the communication. Someone who states
their values explicitly provokes contradiction.
(S.65) Value-based communication leaves the
fact implicit that implicit communication is
going on. But a concealed paradox remains. That
was is being communicated is not communicated.
(S.65) But what might well be regarded as
typically modern is the fact that, and the way in
which, an explicit semantics of values, supports
itself on this operative level of the
communication of preferences, elevating its
preference in order to inflate them into norms.
(S.65)
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Zitate Werte in der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft
Logischer Zugriff Konfikt The problem here is
that there are many values and that there are no
relationships of precedence between them. Each
value merely precludes its antithesis. The
resolution of collisions between values is thus
unregulated. But decisions are only needed in the
case of value collisions. From this it follows
that values are not able to regulate decisions.
They may demand a consideration of the relevant
values, but a conclusion does not follow from
this as to which values are decisive in cases of
conflict and as to which are set aside. All
values may count as necessary, but all decisions
remain, nevertheless, and for that very reason,
contingent. We therefore have before us the
figure of necessary contingency . And that is
nothing other than a logically unambiguous
paradox for contingencies is defined by the
negation and impossibility. (S.66)