Chapter 4: Revolution

1
Chapter 4 Revolution

• Colonies Fight for Their Rights

2
Why the Colonies Grow Discontented

• 1. Proclamation of 1763
• 2. George Grenville prime
• minister and 1st Lord of
• Treasury
• Customs Duties taxes
• on imports and exports
• Admiralty Courts courts
• outside of colonies used to
• try defiant colonists
• 3. Regulatory Acts- Acts
• imposed by the British to
• keep the colonies in check

• Regulatory Acts
• - Sugar Act no taxation w/o
• representation James Otis
• - Currency Act banned paper
• - Stamp Act required stamps
• to be placed on printed
• material
• - Quartering Act
• - Declaratory Act
• - Townshend Acts
• - Tea Act

3
Questions to Ponder

• 1. Why did the British begin to impose so many
  taxes on the colonies?
• 2. How was the Stamp Act different from
• other taxes imposed by the British?

4
How the Colonists Respond

• Sons of Liberty Protest group formed by Isaac
  Sears aimed at defending American Liberties (Sam
  Adams)
• Declaration of Rights and Grievances argued
  that only the colonists political
  representatives had the right to tax colonists
  petitioned to the king (Virginia Resolves)
• Nonimportation Agreement Boycott of British
  Goods

5
Response continued

• Daughters of Liberty women protest group who
  began weaving own cloth
• Boston Massacre
• - March 5, 1770- Group of British soldiers under
  the command of Thomas Preston open fire on crowd
  of protesters killing 5 and wounding 6 (Crispus
  Attucks)

6
Success of Colonial Protests

• Stamp Act repealed in 1766 due to
• nonimportation agreements
• 2. Townshend Acts repealed except tax on
• tea uphold right to tax colonies after
  Boston Massacre

7
Question to Ponder

• Why do you think the British were so willing to
  pass new taxes in the face of colonial opposition?

8
The Revolution Begins

• British Policies Ignite the flames
• - Custom ships ordered to patrol North
• American waters
• Gaspee Affair June 1772
• Committees of Correspondence Colonial
  communication network that helped unify and shape
  public opinion in the colonies
• Revolution was in the minds of the people, the
  war was just an effect John Adams

9
A Tea Party in the Boston Harbor

• December 16, 1773
• Colonists dump 342 chests of tea into Boston
  Harbor
• Why?
• Lord North
• British East India Company
• Tea Act 1773

10
Question to Ponder

• How did the British government respond to the
  Boston Tea Party?

11
King George III Responds

• Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
• Closed Boston Harbor
• Governor Appointments/Town meeting banned
• Governor allowed to transfer trials of British
  soldiers and officials
• New Quartering Act
• Quebec Act

12
Colonists Respond

• First Continental Congress
• Sept. 5, 1774
• Declaration of Rights and Grievances
• Nonimportation Association
• May 1775 second congress

13
Which Side is Which?

• British
• Loyalist An American who supported Britain
  during the Revolution
• Tories another name for Loyalists
• Lobsterbacks Nickname given to British soldiers
  because of their red coats
• Redcoats Another name for a British soldier
• Hessians German mercenaries hired by the
  British to fight during the Revolution

• American Colonists
• Minutemen colonial
• militia ready at a minutes
• notice
• Patriots Americans who
• wanted a complete break
• from England
• Continentals
• Professional soldiers of the
• Continental Army
• (American)

14
The First Shots Are Fired

• Lexington and Concord April 19,1775
• - first battle of the Revolutionary War
• - Famous midnight ride by Paul Revere
• and William Dawes
• - General Gage and British engage 70
• Minutemen on commons of Lexington
• Shot heard round the world
• - March to Concord and ambushed by thousands
• of Minutemen retreat to Boston

15
Second Continental Congress

• June 15, 1775 Adopt colonial militia outside of
  Boston as Continental Army
• George Washington General of Continental Army

16
Battle of Bunker Hill (Breeds Hill)

• June 16, 1775 Colonial militia entrenched on
  Breeds Hill
• Militia withstands two frontal assaults by
  British forces
• 3rd attempt Americans run out of ammunition
• Over 1000 British casualties
• General Gage replaced by William Howe
• British retreat by sea and reinforcements arrive

17
Question to Ponder

• Why was the Battle of Bunker Hill so important to
  the Americans?

18
Efforts At Peace

• Olive Branch Petition July 1775 petition
  written to King George III declaring loyalty and
  asking him stop hostilities to negotiate a peace
  agreement
• - Americans attack Quebec
• - King George III calls for Proclamation for
• Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition

19
Colonists Call for Independence

• Common Sense January 1776 pamphlet written by
  Thomas Paine attacking King George III and
  calling on colonists to declare their
  independence

20
Independence continued.

• Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776
• - drafted by Thomas Jefferson
• - Influenced by John Locke Enlightenment
  philosopher who said humans are born with three
  natural right life, liberty, and property (Two
  Treatises on Government)
• - Abigail Adams urged husband John Adams
• to write into Declaration something on
  womens
• rights

21
3 Parts of the Declaration of Independence

• Says why 13 colonies are breaking from England
• Tells what England has done wrong
• Says all connections with England have been cut
• Fails to mention women and African
• American rights

22
Question to Ponder

• Why do you think the authors of the Declaration
  of Independence failed to mention women and
  African American Rights?

23
Advantages and Disadvantages-United States did
not have to defeat Britain- it simply had to
survive until Britain could not pay for the war

• Colonial Advantages
• Home turf
• Leadership
• Cause of fight
• French Allies
• Disadvantages
• Untrained, small army
• Food ammunition shortages
• Weak divided government (no power to tax)
• Robert Morris

• British Advantages
• Well trained supplied army
• Wealth of resources
• Strong central government
• Disadvantages
• Fight in unfamiliar, hostile land
• Fighting away from resources
• Troops indifferent support in Britain split

24
Englands Plan- General Howe

• Military
• - Massive build up in
• New York
• a. Intimidate
• b. Split colonies in
• half

• 2. Diplomatic
• - Promised pardons to
• all Patriots who put
• down their arms and
• swore loyalty to the
• king

25
Question to ponder

• How did the members of the Continental Congress
  respond to General Howes promise of pardoning
  Patriots who swore loyalty to the king? Why?

26
Washington Tries to Defend New York

• American morale would be doomed if NY fell
  without a fight
• 1. Summer 1776 Washington loses Long
• Island
• 2. Washington abandons NYC and moves
• to north end of Manhattan Island
• 3. British Capture NYC
• Nathan Hale I regret that I have but one
• life to lose for
  my country.
• 4. Washington moves to White Plains

27
Battle of Trenton- December 26, 1776

• Washington crosses the icy Delaware River and
  captures or kills some 1,000 Hessian forces in
  town of Trenton
• 1. Boosts American Morale
• 2. Saves the Continental Army
• Several days later Washington defeats British at
  Princeton

28
Question to Ponder

• Why is the Battle of Trenton considered to be the
  turning point in American History?

29
General Burgoynes Three Pronged Attack

• Burgoynes army march south from Montreal
• St. Legers army move up St. Lawrence River to
  Lake Ontario and then head east to NY
• Howes troops march from NYC and three forces
  meet near Albany and move east to New England

30
Plan Fails Seals the fate of the British

• Howe moves troops to Maryland to attack
  Philadelphia
• - Capture Continental Congress and
• Continental Army
• - Sept. 11, 1777 Howe defeats
• Washington at Brandywine Creek
• captures Philadelphia
• - Congress and Continentals escape to Valley
• Forge

31
Valley Forge

• Washingtons winter camp of 1777-78
• - loses 2,500 men due to cold and
• starvation
• Marquis de Lafayette France
• Baron Friedrich von Steuben Prussia
• - Help discipline and train Washington troops

32
The Turning Point- SaratogaOctober 17, 1777

• Burgoyne unaware of Howes Plans
• Burgoyne stopped in upper NY by General Horatio
  Gates
• General Benedict Arnold defeats British and
  Iroquois allies in the east
• 1. Boosted American morale
• 2. Convinced France to send troops

33
Two Treaties

• February 6, 1778 France recognizes the United
  States as an independent nation
• June 1778 France declares war on Britain
• 1779 Spain enters the war on the side of France

34
Question to Ponder

• Why do you think Spain entered the war on the
  side of France and not on the side of the United
  States?

35
The War Elsewhere

• In the West
• - George Rogers Clark helps Patriots
• control Ohio River region
• 2. The War at Sea
• - John Paul Jones helps neutralize
• British Navy I have not yet begun to
• fight.
• 3. In the South
• - Britain captures Savannah, GA in 1778
• Charles Town in 1780
• - General Cornwallis Commands British forces
  in the South
• - Battle of Kings Mountain Turning point in
  the south
• southern farmers begin forming militias
  

36
The Final Battle Yorktown-Sept. 28-Oct. 19, 1781

• Spring 1781 Cornwallis invades Virginia to open
  up supply line to the south
• French commander Rochambeau and Washington
  converge on Yorktown by land
• Admiral de Grasse converge on Yorktown by sea
  surrounding Cornwallis
• Cornwallis surrenders on Oct. 19, 1781

37
Treaty of Paris 1783-Sept. 3, 1783

• Britain acknowledged American Independence
• Mississippi River became western boundary
• British recognized American fishing rights off
  the coast of New Foundland
• British creditors could collect debts from
  citizens
• Britain gave Florida and Louisiana to Spain
• France received colonies in Africa and the
  Caribbean